tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32475290525147827792023-11-15T07:27:08.889-08:00Rules of writing essayEssay Topics For Doctor FaustusAnnalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-63469433821234969282020-08-24T12:36:00.001-07:002020-08-24T12:36:06.971-07:00VISC 1004-01 Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsVISC 1004-01 Final - Essay Example ree films was created in various verifiable minutes, all the movies present a similar social inclinations, regardless of whether it is the predispositions identified with the connection between the rich and poor people or the inclinations identified with the personal connection between people of two unique races. In any case, in all the movies, the female sex appears to endure the most social partialities, since their decision of satisfaction is once in a while refreshing by the individuals in their lives, regardless of whether their families or their companions. The Far from Heaven (2002) is a film that was created in the 21st century, recounting the narrative of an adoration relationship that in the long run becomes opposed by the general public. Cathy Whitaker is a rich lady who happens to be living in a marriage that has no satisfaction and no sexual satisfaction, until she comes to learn extremely late that her significant other, Frank, was likewise a gay (Haynes, n.p.). Throughout her focused on life, Cathy Whitaker happens to run over Raymond Deagan, who is the child of her previous cultivator who is as of now dead (Haynes, n.p.). Because of the unfulfilling marriage that Cathy Whitaker lives in, she creates energetic emotions towards Raymond, which in the long run transforms into adoration sentiments that see both set up a personal connection. In any case, taking into account that Cathy Whitaker is a rich lady who is pursuing Raymond; a dark and poor man, the general public applies its social predispositions and biases against the dar k race and against the connection between the rich and poor people, to in the long run separate the two. Three white young men manhandles Raymondââ¬â¢s little girl, causing Raymond to conclude never to connect with a white lady again (Haynes, n.p.). The entire neighborhood is additionally spreading word about the untrustworthy connection between Cathy Whitaker, a wedded lady, and a dark poor man, causing Cathy Whitaker to be the fool of the entire neighborhood. A similar content is rehashed in the film Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974), where Emmi, a German widow in her 60s gets connected with a Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-3930848983736475802020-08-22T01:20:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:20:27.013-07:00Intelligence Agencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 wordsInsight Agencies - Essay Example Methods for data social affair may incorporate reconnaissance, correspondence capture attempt, cryptanalysis, collaboration with different organizations, and assessment of open sources. The gathering and engendering of this data is known as insight examination. Knowledge has now become enormous business with lawful status and monetary help. It is not, at this point reasonable to imagine that it doesn't exist. Before the finish of World War II, with the Cold War approaching not too far off and USSR driving the insight world, the United States started the way toward building up a detailed peacetime knowledge structure that would reach out over various government divisions of different unified and underdeveloped countries. The activities of the U.S. furthermore, USSR knowledge network during the Cold War would go from running single specialists, to marshaling the abilities of thousands to assemble and convey expound spy satellites. The insight organizations of the United States and Soviet Union have been utilized by government authorities since the finish of World War Two to monitor and advance the worldwide interests of their country. Significantly after the finish of cold war by the late 1990's, it keeps on having a significant effect in planning the structure of the different knowledge organizations. ... The Cold War was the time of contention, pressure and rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their individual partners from the mid-1940s until the mid 1990s. Be that as it may, in real there was never an immediate military commitment between the US and the Soviet Union. There was 50 years of military development just as political fights for help far and wide, including noteworthy inclusion of partnered and satellite countries in intermediary wars. In a large portion of these exercises the insight offices had a significant influence in both political fights (setting up and supporting of manikin government by USSR in Afghan) and intermediary wars (Vietnam War). Undercover OPERATIONS An undercover activity is a military or political action completed so that the gatherings liable for the activity can be a loosely held bit of information, yet can't be demonstrated. Incognito activities are every now and again unlawful in the objective state and are now and again infringing upon the laws of the sanctioning nation. During the virus war time, both US and USSR attempted a ton of undercover tasks so as to comprehend the military and political plan of each other. The historical backdrop of Covert Operations returns a long ways past the Cold War, with numerous tasks during the two World wars and even some time before at that point. In spite of this long history the roughage day of secret tasks was during the Cold War where two restricting force squares confronted one another however were reluctant to hazard a real war. They embraced these secret activities particularly in underdeveloped countries attempting to introduce an administration which underpins their arrangements . US attempted a great deal of these undercover tasks generally in socialist powerful states. A portion of the tasks were CIA's assistance to the Italian Christian Democrats, and the assistance to the Iranian Shah in 1953 code name Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-39311153485309415142020-07-20T18:38:00.001-07:002020-07-20T18:38:03.075-07:00How to Market an eBook Like a Pro How to Market an eBook Like a Pro © Shutterstock | Rawpixel.comWriting an eBook is quite a challenge in itself, but the project doesnât end when you press the publish button. In fact, the hard work often starts when the book is finished. Marketing an eBook like a professional can be a rather tricky and time-consuming task. But with the below tips on marketing your eBook, you can get the job done smoothly and have fun in the process.BEFORE YOU START MARKET YOUR EBOOKBefore we start examining the key strategies you need to implement for eBook promotion, you need to consider a few things. Essentially, you must decide on the marketing budget you want to use and the specific strategies you want to use.First, you need to decide how much money are you willing to spend on marketing the eBook. Marketing costs can easily vary from $0 to above $1,000. Therefore, you donât want to rush into your project only to realize later what youâve spent.Spending more money doesnât automatically guarantee results; so donât feel l ike you have to spend money in order to achieve higher reader numbers. The correct budget depends mostly on what you are able to spend, as well as the strategies you feel are the most effective.The second thing you must figure out before marketing your eBook relates to the strategies. You should identify the routes you prefer to use so that you can create a time plan and set goals for your marketing campaign.Weâll explore these strategies below, but before you start using them, you should create a Plan of Action for each step. A Plan of Action is a simple spreadsheet outlining the required steps and the actions youâve taken. Itâll help you stay on top of your marketing efforts and makes it easier to track results.For example, for targeting eBook blogs for promotion, you would list all the appropriate blogs youâve discovered, the method of contact for each blog and then sections to imply whether you contacted them and if they agreed to promote your eBook.Finally, you should a lso establish goals for your marketing. You canât know whether your eBook marketing is going according to plan without determining what is a success and what is a failure.In order to establish a goal, answer the following questions:What does marketing success look to you? Receiving more clicks, selling an x-amount of books or receiving more positive reviews, for example.What about marketing failure? Poor reviews, only x-amount of clicks, not passing a certain sales figure, for instance.What are your book sales objectives in terms of sales numbers? How many eBooks do you want to sell on the first week, first month and the first six months?UNDERSTAND YOUR READERLike with any marketing, eBook marketing should always start by better understanding who is the person you are selling to. If you donât know the target market for your eBook, your marketing efforts wonât be as focused.Without an appropriate understanding of the reader, you might use tactics and channels that donât appea l to your reader and therefore, you wonât sell as many books as you otherwise might. For example, eBook marketplaces, such as Amazon, can be great for reaching out to millions of readers, but if you are selling to a niche market, this route might yield lesser results.In fact, if you are writing fiction, the larger eBook marketplaces like iEBookstore and Amazon would be better, as you can target mass audiences and the readership is interested in cheaper priced books aimed at their reading preferences.On the other hand, niche eBooks can sell more on blogs, since the target reader is likely going to value the information more highly. Since the person is also reading a blog on the topic, they are likely to want to know more about the subject and therefore, buy the book.[slideshare id=59812786doc=vbmarketing-understandingyourtargetaudience-160321091919w=640h=330]TIME YOUR EBOOK RELEASEBefore you hit the publish button, you should rethink the timing of the release, as you can use it for promotional purposes. There might be events going on that can easily be linked with your eBook and the buzz around the specific topic could spill out to your sales as well.Letâs say youâve written a book about athletics. Releasing it near the Olympics is naturally a good idea as people will be interested in finding out more about the topic. If your eBook is about leadership, then a big election could be a way to tie the topical news to your book.Therefore, when you are writing the book and almost ready to publish it, take a moment to figure out if there are things going on in the world that everyoneâs talking about and which relate to your book. If necessary, you could even push the publication by a few weeks just to maximize the exposure.Once youâve found a particular hot topic, which ties to your eBook, use it as a promotional opportunity. Contact local media, including radio and newspaper to offer your expertise on the topic. You can even write a short analysis of the su bject to online publications like Buzzfeed and mention your upcoming or newly released book in the article.If the chatter is centered on social media, then use the appropriate hashtags while promoting your new eBook. For example, if you had the book about leadership, you might use the hashtags for the upcoming US Presidential Election and promote your book with Tweets and posts like: âWhat does it take to be a leader? #USElection2016â, â5 qualities of a good leader and do the #candidates in #USElection2016 have them?â and so on.NAIL DOWN PRICINGThe first rule of pricing your eBook: a higher page count of your eBook does not mean the value of the book should go up. The price is based on the content and its value to the reader, not on the amount of words you can write.Overall, you should understand the eBook audiences in general tend to be price sensitive. This is one of the reasons Amazonâs eBooks are mostly priced around $9.99. But depending on what you are offering, the p rice could be lower or higher.How to nail down pricing? If you are a newcomer and publishing your first eBook, you might want to consider keeping the prices down. This can help more people to actually pick it up and to respond to it. This can generate more chatter and reviews, which can be valuable in the long-term.Once youâve gained a good following of fans and people who actively follow your website or engage with your business, you can increase the prices a bit. When people know you and your style, they already know what sort of value to expect from your eBook. This then allows you to increase the price.Watch the below interview with author Bob Mayer on his thoughts about eBook pricing and finding the right price: CONSIDER HANDING OUT YOUR EBOOK FOR FREEOne of the most crucial aspects of eBook marketing is about gaining momentum. The interest you are able to generate will help introduce new people to your product and guarantee you are able to sell your book. Gaining momentum es sentially means you need plenty of people sharing and commenting on your book at once.The fastest route to it is by giving away the eBook for free, but only for a limited period. This can help generate more word of mouth, it lowers the barrier for people to pick it up and read it, and this creates the short-term momentum, which you can then use for later gains.Even if you canât generate high sales figures, you will generate interest and awareness. These are crucial for long-term exposure, as people will be willing to pay for the next eBook since they know the value your books provide them with.A good way to generate even more buzz around your free eBook is to launch a free giveaway. You can use sites like Goodreads or LibraryThing to reach out to larger audiences than just handing it out on your website.Finally, if giving out the whole eBook sound too much for you, you can just allow readers to preview the first two chapters for free. If youâve managed to write a compelling, qua lity eBook, a few free chapters can hook the reader and make them want to buy the whole book. SEEK OUT REVIEWSThe marketing focus should be on generating reviews, as you start selling your eBook. Reviews can ultimately be the deal breaker on whether or not the book succeeds â" but instead of hiding away from the reviews, you need to focus on getting them on your side.If you have room in your marketing budget, consider pursuing paid book reviews. These are not about paying for positive reviews, but aimed at guaranteeing your book gets enough reviews for people to take notice.You can find paid book review opportunities through:Kirkus ReviewsBookRoosterIn addition, you can hand out your eBook for free to anyone who provides you an honest review afterwards. You can do so on your website or offer the book on a specific community forum, for example. Consider also providing your reviewers with tips on leaving reviews to ensure the process is smooth for them.A good way to generate more rev iews is by organizing a competition or a give-away. You could provide a gift for the best review (based on detail and depth-of analysis about the book). The gift can be another eBook on the topic, a company product (if you have those) or a gift card for eBook website, such as Amazon.Remember to avoid hiding from negative reviews. Instead, try to understand where itâs coming from and in some instances, it might be helpful to respond to it. If you feel the reviewer didnât understand your argument or they are presenting false information, you can thank them for the review and respond to the claims they make. Just remember to stay calm, be respectful and polite.The benefit of responding to negative reviews is twofold. First, you show people that you are interested and appreciative of all reviews, and willing to learn. Second, you also respond to any inaccurate claims to ensure other people donât start believing the false information.COMBINE THE EBOOK WITH OTHER PRODUCTSYou should also boost your marketing efforts by offering the reader a wider experience. You donât just have to sell an eBook, but give the reader an unforgettable and valuable encounter.The other products and services you can easily combine with eBooks include:Creation of videos on the bookâs topic â" These could be little snippets of information on the era or location of your fictional book, or how-to guides around a niche topic, such as social media.Organizing of events for public reading and author meet-ups â" You should contact local libraries and other such places for the option of having public readings of your book. You should contact appropriate organizations and groups for this as well. For example, books about sports could interest a local gym or wellness centre and books about women in business might appeal to the local entrepreneur and small business guilds.Generating tutorials based on the bookâs subject â" These can be videos, meet-up events or blog posts delving deeper into the topic.Designing an infograph around the book â" Infographs are something people like sharing and it can spark the personâs interest towards finding out more about the topic of your book. You can even make these for a fictional eBook. For example, an infograph around the bookâs characters or even the topic or location. If your book deals with mental health, for instance, you can create informative infographs on the subject matter.You should also consider whether your eBook could be turned into a series. You can keep the readers more engaged if they know thereâs something to look forward to.PROMOTE YOU EBOOKThe above points will help you kick-start your eBook marketing. For further promotional advice, check out these additional two tips.Share the story behind the eBookYour marketing shouldnât only focus on outlining what the book has to offer. You want to promote the book on the back of a wider brand: you.People are often interested in the stories and personal backgr ounds of the authors. In the era of social media, authors like Stephen King, Paolo Coelho and Angela Duckworth have plenty of followers interested in all aspects of the authorâs life, not just the books. Whether you are writing fiction or non-fiction, people will be interested to know what inspired you to write this particular book and on the specific subject. In the case of non-fiction books, you should especially focus on sharing your expertise with the readers. People will be asking questions like âWhy are you the authority to write about this subjectâ and you want to share the reasons through your own story.If you brand yourself and promote your own brand, you can generate interest on the eBook as well.Blog about the eBookFinally, you must use your website and blog for marketing purposes. Donât just include a link to buy the eBook on your site, but regularly talk about the book and remind readers to buy it. The blog posts can help generate interest around the eBook and b ring you more publicity.You can generate plenty of content around the eBook. Itâs possible to write about the writing process and the things you learned from the process. You can share tips about self-publishing and about the journey of creating an eBook. Not to mention the blog posts you can generate on the actual topic of the eBook.Ensure you have an email list of your readers, both new and old, to make promoting easier. You want to engage your readers with new content, keep them interested in promoting your eBook and to inform them of any new eBooks you are writing. Furthermore, you want to get your eBook mentioned in other blogs. There are specific blogs focused on presenting new eBooks in different fields. These include:Ereader News TodayKindle NationPixel of InkInspired ReadsYou can contact the sites and ask about promotional opportunities.Additionally, try getting in touch with blogging communities related to your subject matter. Identify the famous bloggers on the subject and contact them with the opportunity to write a review of your book.You can find these blogs by typing â[your topic] blogsâ to Google. You can also use keywords. For instance, if your eBook is about social media, you can search âsocial media blogsâ and contact blogs that seem the most suited for promotion.As mentioned in the first section, a spreadsheet with information about the different blogs and contact details will make the process smoother. Monitor who youâve contacted, what their response was to ensure you could promote any possible mentions in your own social media channels.FINAL THOUGHTSThe above strategies can be helpful in getting the word out of your eBook. Following the tips will ensure you direct your focus on the right strategies and youâve hopefully gotten ideas on which tactics might work best in your case.But above all, you need to remember that marketing your eBookis much easier if you have a solid, quality book to sell. You can try all sorts of strat egies, but if the eBook doesnât offer quality for the reader in terms of value or emotional experience, you wonât be able to sell enough copies of it. While you might be able to cause a stir, you canât keep up the buzz. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-44148514482959772722020-05-21T23:25:00.001-07:002020-05-21T23:25:07.146-07:00Why do oil prices and Canadian dollars move together Have youà noticed that the Canadian dollar and oil prices move together? In other words, if the price of crude oil goes down, the Canadian dollar also decreases (relative to the U.S. dollar). And if the price of crude oil goes up, the Canadian dollar is worth more. Theres an economic mechanism at play here. Read on to learn why the Canadian dollar and oil prices move in tandem. Supply and Demand Because oil is an internationally traded commodity and Canada is so small relative to the United States and theà European Union, price changes in oil are caused by international factors outside of Canada. The demand for both oil and gas is notà elasticà in the short run, so a rise in oil prices causes the dollar value of the oil sold to rise. (That is, while the quantity sold will decrease, the higher price will cause the total revenue to rise, not fall). As of January 2016, Canada exports around 3.4 million barrels of oil a day to the United States. As of January 2018, theà price of a barrel of oilà is about $60. Canadas daily oil sales, then, are about $204 million. Because of the magnitude of sales involved, any changes in the price of oil have an impact on the currency market. Higher oil prices drive up the Canadian dollar through one of two mechanisms, which have the same result. The difference is basedà on whether the oil is priced in Canadian or American dollarsââ¬âas it generally isââ¬âbut the final impact is identical. For different reasons, when Canada sells a lot of oil to the U.S., which it does on a daily basis, the loonie (the Canadian dollar) rises. Ironically, the reason in both cases has to do with currency exchanges, and in particular, the value of the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar. The Oil is Priced in U.S. Dollars This is the most likely of the two scenarios. If this is the case, then when the price of oil rises, Canadian oil companies receive more U.S. dollars. Since they pay their employees (and taxes and many other expenses) in Canadian dollars, they need to exchange U.S. dollars for Canadian ones on foreign exchange markets. So when they have more U.S. dollars, they supply more U.S. dollars and create demand for more Canadian dollars. Thus, as discussed in Forex: The Ultimate Beginnerââ¬â¢s Guide to Foreign Exchange Trading, and Making Money with Forex, the increase in theà supply of the U.S. dollar drives the price of the U.S. dollar down. Similarly, the increase in demand for the Canadian dollar drives the price of the Canadian dollar up. The Oil Is Priced in Canadian Dollars This is a less likely scenario but easier to explain. If oil is priced in Canadian dollars, and the Canadian dollar rises in value, then American companies need to buy more Canadian dollars on foreign exchange markets. So the demand for Canadian dollars rises along with the supply of U.S. dollars. This causes the price of Canadian dollars to rise and the supply of U.S. dollars to fall. Source Kaplan, James P. Forex: The Ultimate Beginners Guide to Foreign Exchange Trading, and Making Money with Forex. Paperback, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, April 9, 2016. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-77511738187936749002020-05-06T23:57:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:57:26.692-07:00Adolescent Relationships 10 Things I Hate About You Essay Over the course of adolescence, people interact with one another, forming relationships, whether they are healthy or unhealthy. There is a large correlation between the self-esteem of the two people, and the state of their relationship. The lower oneââ¬â¢s self-esteem in a relationship is, the unhealthier their relationship is likely to be. Conversely, a healthy or unhealthy relationship can also raise or lower oneââ¬â¢s self-esteem. In the 1999 film ââ¬Å"10 Things I Hate About You,â⬠the relationship between Kat Stratford and Patrick Verona is an example of how a healthy relationship can raise oneââ¬â¢s self esteem, while the relationship between Bianca Stratford and Chastity Church shows how a low self-esteem can lead to an unhealthy relationship. Atâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Chastity has a low self-esteem, as shown in their conversation during the exposition of the film. When they are discussing Biancaââ¬â¢s Prada backpack and their Sketchers, Bianca is discussing how she likes her sketchers, but loves her Prada backpack. Chastity, stopping, replies that she loves her sketchers, obviously a bit offended by the subliminal insult Bianca sent her. However, this only lasts a moment before Chastity plasters a fake smile on her face and moves on. This scene showed how Chastityââ¬â¢s self-esteem was low enough for her to hide the fact that she was hurt and insulted, but also showed the unhealthy relationship the two friends had because instead of talking about how Chastity felt and sharing their emotions, they ignored it and moved on. The large problem in this relationship occurs when Bianca finds out that Joey took Chastity to prom the moment he found out that he wasnââ¬â¢t going to be able to go with her. When Bianca confronts Chastity, they donââ¬â¢t settle the problem in any healthy manners. Instead, Chastity bluntly informs Bianca that Joey was merely aiming to ââ¬Å"nail herâ⬠that night and insults her, likely cutting off whatever sort of unhealthy screwed up relationship theyââ¬â¢d had. In the 1999 motion picture ââ¬Å"10 Things I Hate About You,â⬠Several interesting adolescent relationships are portrayed, showing the correlation between self-esteem and healthy relationships. While the healthy relationshipShow MoreRelatedThe Taming Of The Shrew And 10 Things I Hate About You Directed By Gil Junger1365 Words à |à 6 Pagesof detecting intertextual relationships between texts also enriched your understanding of a significant cultural issue or idea? ââ¬Å" The explicit and implicit subjects of this play - arranged marriages, the authority of fathers and husbands, the obedience expected from daughters and wives, the economic helplessness of most women - were issues and experiences that touched the lives of everyone in Shakespeareââ¬â¢s audience.â⬠ââ¬â Dorothea Kehler Detecting intertextual relationships between The Taming of theRead MoreTaming of the Shrew/ 10 Things I Hate About You1584 Words à |à 7 Pagesin the modern appropriation 10 Things I Hate About You. 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By having no patience when it comes to growing up, she wants the results fast and doesRead More A Sociological view of Divorce Essays4317 Words à |à 18 Pages They were the family you always wish you hadâ⬠¦ The Cleavers. Wise and wonderful Ward. A pal as well as a Dad. June. The perfect wife and mother. Big brother Wally. Popular, smart and athletic ââ¬â one tough act to follow. And last but definitely not least, hapless, irrepressible Theodore, a.k.a. ââ¬Å"the Beaver,â⬠just a regular kid trying his best to stay out of trouble while finding a thousand ways to place himself at troubleââ¬â¢s doorstep. Leave it to Beaver. It was the television hit inRead MoreAnalysis Of Paradise Of The Blind 1483 Words à |à 6 Pagesdisintegrates throughout the progression of the novel. Currently, Hang is only an adolescent who has realized that she is one of her only friends that does not know a single thing about her father. Through little Hangââ¬â¢s curiosity she began to question her mother only to find a reply supported with motherly reassurance. Que replies to Hang, ââ¬Ëââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t ask me these questions, please. At least we will always be together, you and Iââ¬â¢Ã¢ ⬠(Huong, 46). This demonstrates the motherly love that Que has toward Hang,Read MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1479 Words à |à 6 PagesImagine a super villain that preys on the majority of the individuals in our society today; altering the function of brains, aiding bullies and kidnappers, as well as many other things. In addition, these individuals bring it upon themselves to engage with the super villain. And who is this fiend I speak of you ask? The culpritââ¬â¢s identity is Social Media. Social media commenced in 1997 with a website called ââ¬Å"Six Degreesâ⬠. Since 1997, there have been dozens of social media sites created such as MySpaceRead MoreShould Lgbt Couples Be Allowed? 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The trials and failures that Holden faces on his journey to find himself in total shed light on Holdenââ¬â¢s archenemy, himself. In J.D Salingerââ¬â¢s, ââ¬Å"The Catcher in the Ryeâ⬠, protagonist, Holden Caulfield portrays characteristics of an adolescent boyRead MoreGirls And 10 Things I Hate About You1782 Words à |à 8 Pagesreleased that depict the cultural norms, social expectations, and developments of teenagers at that period of time. Those two films, Mean Girls and 10 Things I Hate About You, successfully illuminate the motives and characterizations of young adult life and the troubles and tribulations that come along with it. 10 Things I Hate About You is a film about teenagers growing up in Seattle in the 1990ââ¬â¢s. 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After I told them that the information would be private and I were to change her name she agreed that I may come and observe her when she comes home from school Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-61398014902402832422020-05-06T08:51:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:51:34.828-07:00Henry, Paine, Freedom Free Essays Words: 345 Henry, Paine, freedom A comparison of both speeches Two important persons in the American Literature are Thomas Pain and Patrick Henry trying to help the colonist to get their freedom from the Britain. Paine tried to bring the colonists in to reality in his speech. He wanted to remained the colonists how badly the supreme British were treating them. We will write a custom essay sample on Henry, Paine, Freedom or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand Henry tried to persuade the colonists to go to war, using Britain as the enemy, but they tried to persuade the audience, by using different ways. Thomas Pain and Patrick Henry are both authors if the American Literature. Paine wrote ââ¬Å"The American Crisisâ⬠and Henry wrote ââ¬Å"The speech in the Virginia convention. â⬠In a way both authors had the same general goal in mind, to persuade the colonists. Henry uses a variation of persuasive techniques. He uses allusion, repetition, and rhetorical questions. In Henryââ¬â¢s speech, he said ââ¬Å"suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. â⬠This allusion refers to the story of Judas betraying Jesus with a kiss. On the other hand Paine uses anecdotes, exaggeration, and personal attacks. Paine exaggerates on his speech by comparing the king of Britain to ââ¬Å"a common murderer, a high wayman, or a housebreaker. I would choose Patrick Henryââ¬â¢s speech, because he says what he thinks clearly without holding anything back. When hi ask a question, he wants an answer fast. As he says in his speech ââ¬Å"Give me liberty or give me death. â⬠Because he wanted liberty even if that means to be involve in a war, because they have to do something for their freedom. On the other hand Thomas Pain says a lot of thins exaggeration everything leaving people clueless on what he is trying to say. Lastly we can see by reading those speeches that Henry and Paine wrote their works at different times. Henry using war while Pain is using the history of their ancestors, but both reached their single goal that is freedom. MLA: Henry, Patrick. ââ¬Å"Speech to the second Virginia Convention. â⬠American Literature. Ed. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly Ann Chin, Jacqueline Jones Royster. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 108-110. Print. Paine, Thomas. ââ¬Å"The crisis, No. 1. â⬠American Literature. Ed. Jeffrey D. Wilhelm, Douglas Fisher, Beverly Ann Chin, Jacqueline Jones Royster. New Yourk: McGraw-Hill, 2007. 124-126. Print. How to cite Henry, Paine, Freedom, Essay examples Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-41152578877808364632020-04-26T18:45:00.001-07:002020-04-26T18:45:03.434-07:00Strategic Choice Vodafone Case Study Essay ExampleStrategic Choice: Vodafone Case Study Essay Strategic management is a set of decisions and processes that lead to the development of a successful approach to achieve the organizationââ¬â¢s goals. Once the fundamentals such as mission and vision statements, are drawn, those processes that follow ââ¬Å"undergo analysis, choice, implementation and evaluationâ⬠. The framework by which strategic management is known, and can be applied to business corporations, is based on processes. As opposed to organizational effectiveness, there is more universal consensus regarding the foundations of strategic management in both the process methodology and the nature of the processes. In this context, an analysis of the conflict an organization faces while designing strategies is essential (Tseng, 223). The corporation chosen for this case study is Vodafone Group Plc. Vodafone has been a leading player in the telecommunications industry in the United Kingdom. Its success here had prompted plans for expansion across the globe. So Vodafone is in an important stage of its evolution as a multinational company. The decisions that the Vodafone management takes in any independent unit can have implications for the organization as a whole. Any corporationââ¬â¢s strategic management goes beyond process planning. Though planning receives much attention, it is just one of a number of processes that must be implemented if a corporation is going to participate in a strategic management framework. This paper presents an empirical study of Vodafone Plc. and explicates reasons for success or failure in its implementation of strategic decisions (Krebs, 532). We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Choice: Vodafone Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Choice: Vodafone Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Choice: Vodafone Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As one management guru put it: ââ¬Å"to complete implementation, achieve everything which is intended, and do all of this in a way which is acceptable to organization members ââ¬â that is, to attain comprehensive success ââ¬â there needs to be support (especially from influential persons, and those implementing the decision), clarity about what the objectives are and how to reach them, a favourable climate within the organization and a little bit of luckââ¬âor at least no bad luck.â⬠(Tseng, 223) At Vodafone there was complete support from both decision makers and those acting on those decisions. This is evident from the way CoreMediaââ¬â¢s comprehensive digital rights management (DRM) infrastructure was installed in a streamlined fashion during 2004. Overhauling the technology upon which an organization runs is no easy task. Vodafone would not have pulled this off without proper co-ordination across all levels. The successful integration of cutting-edge technology helped reduce costs significantly and made operations more efficient. In this case, all the criteria for success, as drawn up by Vodafoneââ¬â¢s strategic framework, were executed flawlessly (Krebs, 534). However, Vodafoneââ¬â¢s decision to acquire Tele2ââ¬â¢s business units in Italy and Spain has proved to be a challenging operation so far. The decision to acquire was made in October of 2007, so it is early days yet. But if industry analystsââ¬â¢ predictions come true the balance sheet at the end of this financial quarter will show negative results. The reason for this probable glitch in Vodafoneââ¬â¢s impressive strategic management record is this: ââ¬Å"Though senior managers were in favour, those directly affected by the acquisition are suspicious and unlikely to give wholehearted support. What the acquisition was to achieve was never made explicit, so what had to be done was unclear. The two divisions operated in completely different ways; a sharper cultural contrast could hardly be found, with each division having different values and ways of working. It is now believed that no propitious factors could help to overcome this daunting combinationâ⬠(Krebs, 535). For successful implementation of strategies, planning should be meticulous and resources should be sufficient. Also, the right climate should prevail within the industry. These factors work in a synergistic way to help achieve the highest level of success. The pattern of these disparate factors acting in coordinated synchrony is most important. The strength of any strategic initiative lies in this seamless integration (Wilton, 904). Formulation of business strategies depend on the Chief Executiveââ¬â¢s assessment of future trends in the industry. If the top leadershipââ¬â¢s reading of the opportunities and competition is not up to mark, the result may be disastrous. When these assumptions flounder, the companyââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ investments in these initiatives will go down the drain. Vodafone is fortunate in having Arun Sarin as its Chief Executive Officer since the December of 2002. Sarin took over the reigns when the company was in crossroads. It is to his credit that the company has seen healthy consolidation and expansion over the last few years (Wilton, 904). Eventually, the success of a business corporation would depend on the strategic decisions that it takes. But, there is no blue-print or framework that can lead to definite success. Even choosing between the commonly used strategic frameworks -transformational and operational ââ¬â is never straightforward. The context in which the decisions are made should be accorded careful consideration. An empirical study of decision making in Vodafone would indicate the unconventional nature of its decisions. Right from its inception, and particularly since Arun Sarin took over as CEO, decision making has grown much bolder. Let us take the area of advertising and public relations in particular. In December 2004, Vodafoneââ¬â¢s followed its sponsorship deal with Ferrari with a donation of one million pounds to the victims of Asian Tsunami. Most companies would have chosen proven methods to gain public recognition and boost their brand image. But going by the financial results of al l its competitors that year, the strategy adopted by Vodafone proves to be more successful. The adoption of two widely different public relations exercises demonstrates its broad and flexible strategic framework (Wilton, 902). Vodafoneââ¬â¢s success in finding the right business strategy more often than not is attributable to its managementââ¬â¢s understanding of such general considerations as its ââ¬Å"competitive situation, the latent needs of customers, capital markets, the regulatory environment, and new technology, the structure of its industry, and the strengths and weaknesses of its rivalsâ⬠. Yet this is only the first step. The organizationââ¬â¢s ability to execute the strategy is of equal import too. Where Vodafone outclasses most of its competitors is 1. in its emphasis on the execution aspect of strategies and 2. seeing all decisions in the context of broader goals and objectives. A careful study of Vodafoneââ¬â¢s decision making pattern reveals that a ââ¬Å"second-bestâ⬠strategy that they can execute well has always superseded an ideal strategy that may demand capabilities beyond their reach. Vodafone strategy was to acquire greater market-share saw them ââ¬Å"target bigger, high profile clients while retaining and recruiting a quality workforceâ⬠. ââ¬Å"Its challenge was to communicate a profound transformation in strategic direction throughout the organization in a manner that would elicit the support of the entire workforceâ⬠(Carr , 673). Throughout its existence, Vodafone executives were confronted with conflicting choices. For example, there was always pressure to adhere to regulatory and industry norms from the government. On the other side, there was pressure from stock-holders to gain greater competitive advantage. Growing existing market bases or venturing into potential emerging markets. These were some of the choices that Vodafone has had to deal with. The sustained growth of Vodafoneââ¬â¢s net asset value over the last seven years suggests that their choices have been correct. For example, Vodafone AirTouchââ¬â¢s division collaborated with Cisco Systems, Hyundai Electronics and TELOS Technology during trial implementations of a new Internet Protocol for a wireless communications network. Some of the partners in this venture were Vodafoneââ¬â¢s direct competitors. Yet, the leadership took the prudent decision in laying the foundation for the technology of the future even at the potential cost of losing revenues in the immediate future (Theodorou , 112). Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-50483259176526777022020-03-19T00:55:00.001-07:002020-03-19T00:55:02.698-07:00The fox essaysThe fox essays This paper aims at analyzing the short novel The Fox written by David Herbert Lawrence. The point from the short novel that will be analyzed is concerning Henrys will of marrying March. The two hypotheses formulated are: Henry was interested in the farm and in Marchs capture, like a hunter on an animal. The main goal in this analysis is to confirm which hypothesis best portrays the authors idea. The short novel The Fox portrays the lives of two friends, March and Bandford, as they were called. They lived on a farm by themselves in a peaceful way. Bandford had a weak health, so March did everything at the farm and also took care of her. Henry, (a soldier) arrived at the farm looking for his grandfather, but he had died. So, he stayed in the farm with the girls. As the time passed, Henry decided to marry March, but Bandford was against it. At the end, Banford died and March married him. David Herbert Lawrence was born on 11 September 1885 in Nottinghamshire, England. He wrote about the fulfilled relationships of men and women, and the crucial relationship between human beings and the natural world. He lived on a farm with his family. His main works were Women in love, The Rainbow and others. He wrote The Fox during the I World War in 1918. (Source?) The short novel tells about two friends, March and Bandford that lived alone in the Bailey farm. Bandford had a weak health so March took care about the hard work in the farm. March was odd and absent-minded but had a strange magnanimity. They raised fowls and ducks, and were afraid of a fox that was carrying hens under their very noses. One day March met the fox and they had eye contact. At this moment March was spell-bounded by the fox. The fox impressed her. The time passed and March was also not conscious that she thought of the fox. March was possessed by him. One evening, a young soldier arrived at the farm looking for h... Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-79205082898221930452020-03-02T16:39:00.001-08:002020-03-02T16:39:02.431-08:00How to Use FamilySearch Historical RecordsHow to Use FamilySearch Historical Records Whether your ancestors came from Argentina, Scotland, the Czech Republic, or Montana, you can access a wealth of free historical records online at FamilySearch, the genealogy arm of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It has a wealth of indexes available through its free Historical Records Collection, which includes more than 5.57 billion searchable names in 2,300 collections from countries all over the world, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, England, Germany, France, Argentina, Brazil, Russia, Hungary, the Philippines, and many more. However, theres a lot more data available thats not searchable via a keyword, which is where the huge trove of historical document images come in.à Basic Search Strategies There are so many records online at FamilySearch now that a general search often turns up hundreds if not thousands of irrelevant results. You want to be able to target your searches to wade through less chaff. If youve already tried using the exact search checkboxes next to the fields; searched birth, death, and residence places; used wildcards in names that could be spelled different ways; or tried to narrow by relationship with another person, location, or type of record already, you still have other options that can make your search more fruitful. Search by Collection A general search almost always turns up too many possibilities unless the search contains someone with a very unusual name. For best results, start by choosing a country to find collections, via the location search, or by browsing by location down to a particular record collection (e.g., North Carolina Deaths, 1906ââ¬â1930). When you have the collection open that you want, you can use the narrow by technique within each collection (e.g., use parent surnames only to find married female children in the N.C. Deaths collection).à The more possible places and connected names that you can try, the more meaningful your results will turn out to be.Take notes on the title and years of the collection youre searching, in relation to whom. If the collection is missing records from certain years, youll know what youve been able to check- and what you havent- because those missing records could come online or become searchable one day. Vary the Fields You Useà The records might not have everything in them that youve typed into the narrow by fields if youve used multiple boxes, so it might not come upà even if its there. Try the search multiple ways, varying what fields you try to refine by. Use different combinations of fields. Use Wildcards and Other Search Refinementsà FamilySearch recognizes both the * wildcard (replaces one or more characters) andà the ? wildcard (replaces a single character). Wildcards can be placed anywhere within a field (even at the beginning or end of a name), and wildcard searches work both with and without the exact search checkboxes being used. You can use and, or, and not in your search fields as well as quotation marks to find exact phrases. Show a Previewà After your search has returned a list of results, click on the little upside-down triangle to the right of each search result to open a more detailed preview. This reduces your time spent, versus clicking back and forth between the results list and the result pages. Filter Your Resultsà If youre searching across multiple collections at one time, use the Category list in the left-hand navigation bar to narrow your results by category. This is useful for filtering out census records, for example, which often end up topping results lists. After youve narrowed to a particular category (Births, Marriages Deaths, for example), the left-hand navigation bar will list record collections within that category, with the number of results that match your search query next to each collection title. Browse as Well as Searchà Manyà collections at FamilySearch are only partially searchable at any given point in time (and many are not at all), but this information isnt always easy to determine from the collection list. Even if a particular collection is searchable, compareà the total number of searchable records listed in theà Collections Listà with the total number of records available by selecting the record set and scroll downà to see the number of records listed under View Images in This Collection. In manyà cases,à you will find many records available for browsing that arent yet included in the searchable index. Use the Wrong Documentsà A childs birth record can find information about his or her parents. Or, being the more recent document about the person, a death certificate could also contain his or her birthdate, if the birth certificate (or vital record or civil registration) is elusive. Dont Forget Nicknames and Variantsà If youre searching for Robert, dont forget toà try Bob. Or Margaret if you search for Peggy, Betsy for Elizabeth. Try both the maiden name and married name for women. Volunteering Hundreds of thousands of volunteers have generously donated their time to help to index the collections through FamilySearch Indexing. If youre interested in volunteering, the software is easy to download and use, and instructions are well thought out and generally self-explanatory. A little of your time can help get that genealogy record online for someone else who is searching for it. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-32700873457136713552020-02-15T08:05:00.001-08:002020-02-15T08:05:03.398-08:00Confederacies and Chiefdoms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsConfederacies and Chiefdoms - Essay Example à There were three main confederacies that inhabited the Eastern North America, namely the Hurons, the Iroquois and the Powhattans (Johnson & Smith, 2003). The three confederacies took the form of having one single leader who was in charge of different tribes or communities that had been united to form a confederacy. The confederacies were mainly found in the regions of Southern Ontario, near lakes Ontario and Erie, where the Huron confederacy occupied, while the Iroquois Confederacy occupied the central New York region and the Powhattans occupied the Chesapeake regions (Johansen, 2005). On the other hand, the chiefdoms were organizations of a single community under the leadership of their chiefs, who wielded much authority and powers over the people and established informal government structures, with their aides under them, who were responsible for overseeing the implementation of the chiefââ¬â¢s authority by the different sections of the community. The chiefdoms occupied the major river ways of the Mississippi River hence their being referred to as the Mississippian chiefdoms (Milner, 2006). The advantages in both forms of political organization is that the coming together of tribes and communities gave the political organizations the strength to fight against their enemies as opposed to when they could fight as single tribes or communities. However, the disadvantage is that the political organizations allowed for the leaders to exploit their subjects since their word was the authority. à Therefore, the subjects had to share the spoils of their hunting, gathering and agricultural exploits with the leaders, through paying such exploits as tribute to the leaders (Milner, 2006). The population estimate of the confederacies and the chiefdoms in the eastern North America region has been the subject of controversy between archeologists. However, there is an agreement between the archeologists, based on the archeological artifacts that have been discovered in this region, that hunting and gathering was the main social and economic activity of the people, while Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-35266042357967368512020-02-02T06:23:00.001-08:002020-02-02T06:23:02.888-08:00Effect of luxury cars on the uk market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsEffect of luxury cars on the uk market - Essay Example In other markets, especially those in the South Eastern Asia region make significant sales of other types of luxury cars too (TATT, 2010). However, these markets are always limited to the sum total volume of sales by the overall size either of the industry or by the local conditions of the market and other preferences (Shende, 2014). Consequently, the market for luxury cars generally is presently undertaking some sort of social change with some of the luxury car brands seeming to be less remote. The brands are also seen to be less varied and at the same time less exclusive with the quality, that they have in improving lives (TATT, 2010). As a result, the increment in the competition between different car makes has intensified the relevance of brand identity (Shende, 2014). As the standards of the product continue to go up, the customerââ¬â¢s perceived image of the car brand plays a major role in making the buying decision. Some of the luxury cars such as the BMW, Lexus and the Mercedes- Benz are bound to develop some values and characteristics that are seen to reflect the ever-changing social values (TATT, 2010). The values then influence the buyerââ¬â¢s emotions, so that the brands maintain their positions in various world regions of the global market (Shende, 2014). In the past several years, the research into the customersââ¬â¢ perception and their behaviors in the luxury car industry has been driven by a couple of researchers all over the world (Shende, 2014). There is very little literature both in writing and in softcopy means that document any research done concerning customer perception of luxury cars. Most of the work is focused on the loyalty of the consumers and that of brand switching (ANURIT, NEWMAN & CHANSARKAR, n.d.). The key research that has been made has focused on the low priced segment ranges of cars rather than the luxury car segment in which any choices between the choice of individual potential buyers and brand image concept play a big Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-2877721157770312442020-01-25T02:47:00.001-08:002020-01-25T02:47:04.615-08:00Although it is clearly a product of its time, The Speckled Band holds :: Free Essay WriterAlthough it is clearly a product of its time, The Speckled Band holds the interest of a modern audience and s a fine example. ââ¬Å"Although it is clearly a product of its time, The Speckled Band holds the interest of a modern audience and s a fine example of the detective story genre.â⬠Do you agree with this comment on Conan Doyleââ¬â¢s story? The Speckled Band has a Victorian context and in the Victorian times stories had different aspects, which they found appealing, but as a modern audience we are attracted to other aspects of stories. Because of these different appeals we know that The Speckled Band is a product of its time. The Speckled Band keeps the modern reader guessing the solution to the crime. This is very entertaining for the reader as they must try to find the answer before Sherlock Holmes does. Sherlock Holmes is characterised as an almost super human person with amazing powers of deduction this makes us admire him. Watson (Holmesââ¬â¢s accomplice) is a key character as he is someone who we relate to as he goes on the same journey as us. The speech in the speckled band is in a formal tone, ââ¬Å"my name is Sherlock Holmes. This is my intimate friend and associate Dr Watsonâ⬠this is different to our modern stories as we like to show less restrained emotions, so some readers may find the tone boring. The sentences spoken are long and complicated in structure they have an exaggerated style, ââ¬Å"I observe that you are shiveringâ⬠. We see again that The Speckled Band is a product of its time as there is a lot of old fashioned language, like ââ¬Å"sorry to knock you upâ⬠and ââ¬Å"haggardâ⬠. One of the popular appeals in Victorian times was melodrama and there is lots of this in the story. The helplessness of Helen Stoner and the fact that she needs Holmes to ââ¬Å"advise [her] how to walk amid the dangers which encompass [her]â⬠would appeal to the Victorians a lot as in those times women were considered the more vulnerable sex, but a modern audience may find this over the top because it is over exaggerated to us. The modern audience may find it even more overdramatic that Helen Stoner needs Sherlock to ââ¬Å"throw a little light through the dense darkness which surrounds [her]â⬠the modern audience sees this melodrama as too forced and false. But Victorians loved it as in their times men were considered as strong, brave and the ones who would stand up for women. This also shows that The Speckled Band was a product of its time. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-14615014446774851182020-01-16T23:11:00.001-08:002020-01-16T23:11:04.531-08:00Influential People EssayIn my life, I have had many various influential people, but I would have to say that my Mother has made the biggest impact of all. Most everything that I am today is a outcome of inspirations and instances I have established from my Mother. She has made so many different opportunities presented to me, without which I do not know where I would be. I find my Mother to be a very inspiring person; the reasons for this are infinite. My Mom has been through multiple hardships over the course of her life and throughout it all she has become an exceptionally strong, loving, and wise person. This fact alone amazes me and when compounded with the fact that my Mother, among it all, still manages to have a quick, clever, and upbeat sense of humor I am left fascinated. The things I have learned and continue to learn from my Mother are endless; she has taught me all of the founding principles of my life and for that I am eternally thankful. Though my Mother and I have many discussions on various subjects, within whom I learn many different things, I believe that many of the things I learn from her are discovered and observed from example. This summer would be an instance. Together, we faced many hardships that really pulled and tugged on our relationship. We worked through possibly one of the hardest things a mother could ever go through. It not only brought us closer together, but it made me realize how much she loves me, and how she is always going to be there for me. It is common knowledge that not everyone is perfect, even heroes, and in realizing this I know that I although I wish to be like my Mother in most ways I do not in all. This realization may be one of the most important things I have learned, my Mother has taught me to base my decisions in life not solely on the examples and actions of others but simply on what I gather and learn from the examples and actions of others. In other words, she has taught me not to follow blindly but to make my own decisions based on what I think is important. My relationship with my Mother is something that I treasure above everything else in my life. We are able to play and joke like young children and have serious in depth conversations on some of life hardest subject like mature adults. The various levels that my Mother can reach me on astound me and I think that it is what makes our relationship truly special and what makes her such a wonderful influence. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-79255822580838602892020-01-08T19:32:00.001-08:002020-01-08T19:32:04.863-08:00Disability as Power in the Works of Mary Duffy, Frida... What do you do without either of your arms? What do you do for a living constrained to a wheelchair? What do you do without control over your own body? Many people in the world today spend their lives wishing things were not as they were, attempting to forget how they are, or trying to change how they are going to be. When disabled people succeed, it is commonly thought that those individuals are amazing for overcoming their disabilities and thriving in life. Is this really what they are doing? The following three women, Mary Duffy, Frieda Kahlo, and Vassar Miller transform their disabilities into the ability to create complex forms of art that force the audience to gain a different perspective on disabilities. Their disabilitiesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As Rosemarie Garland Thomson states, Disability performance art is a genre of self-representation, a form of autobiography, that merges the visual with the narrative. (Thomson 1). Duffy, an Irishwoman, is armless and has a delic ate hand attached directly to one shoulder. She is a survivor of the effects of the Thalidomide drug. This drug was introduced in West Germany in 1956. The Thalidomide drug was used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy, in addition to its uses as a sedative and hypnotic. It was not until 1961 that the drug was taken off the market, being identified as a human teratogen. More than 10,000 infants worldwide were born with malformations attributed to this drug, specifically malformations in the upper extremities. Mary Duffy uses the stare and tell method in her performances. Duffy uses this method by exposing her body in the nude, a body that has always been hidden, and therefore summoning the stare. By presenting her body to the viewer, the visibly disabled performance artist generates the dynamic of staring, the arrested attentiveness that registers difference on the part of the viewer. (Thomson 1). By calling upon the stare, the artist forces the audience to create and contemplate the question of What happened to you?. Therefore Mary Duffy incorporates narrative into her performance as well. She is then able to address issues, answer questions, and challenge commonly misinterpreted questions with her own thoughts and Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-43637525975287564432019-12-31T15:58:00.001-08:002019-12-31T15:58:03.443-08:00How to Pronounce the Spanish RR Pronouncing the RR sound in Spanish can be difficult for some, but its possible to learn! 10 Steps to Master the Spanish RR Sound Keep in mind that there are two R sounds in Spanish: the single R sound and the double R (or RR) sound.Keep in mind that the single R sound is used whenever the single R appears in a word, except when its at the beginning of a word or after an L, N or S, when the RR sound is used.The RR sound is also used to sound the letter combination of rr, which used to be considered a separate letter of the Spanish alphabet.Keep in mind that the Spanish R and RR dont share the distinctive R sound of English. Think of them as separate letters entirely.Remember that the RR is a trilled sound formed by a flapping of the tongue against the front roof of the mouth.Visualize the front of your tongue as a flag flapping in a vigorous breeze.Now try purring like a cat. If youve succeeded, you are approximating the RR sound.Alternatively, relax and pretend youre a child making the sound of a revving-up motor.Another way is to pretend it is extremely cold. Now make the sound of exhaling with your lips flap ping together. Now do the same thing with your tongue against the roof of your mouth.Alternatively, loosely hold the tip of your tongue at the front roof of your mouth. Now try blowing air between the tip of the tongue and roof of your mouth while you partly relax the tongue. Try an Audio Lesson To hear the rr sound in words as spoken by native speakers, listen to an audio lesson on rr. Sample words in this lesson are perro (dog), carro (car), barra (bar, such as one made of metal) and hierro (iron, the metal). Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-78136819739693841452019-12-23T11:45:00.001-08:002019-12-23T11:45:04.357-08:00Personnel Economics Application Paper - 1033 Words Personnel Economics Application Paper Tournament is a kind of reward system where fixed rewards are used for a fixed group of people and the ââ¬Å"distribution of rewards is based on the order of the participantsââ¬â¢ performanceâ⬠(Lazear amp; Oyer, 2009, p. 9). In this particular situation, four agents in one of Mitch amp; Murrayââ¬â¢s offices are given a strong incentive to succeed in a sales tournament. Mitch amp; Murray uses a set of prizes that diminish in value as a personââ¬â¢s relative performance gets lower. The top seller will win himself a Cadillac, the second will win himself a set of steak knives, and the others will be out of job (Glengarry Glen Ross, n.d.). In response to the given prizes, four agents react in different ways. For Rickyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The good leads are locked in the office managers room and they will not be distributed until the end of the contest. (Glengarry Glen Ross, n.d.). After he realizes that no matter how hard he work, his sales performance will barely improve, he becomes desperate. At that point, the cost of effort for him is too high which makes the prize unachievable, and thus provides no incentive for him to exert effort anymore. With those old leads, luck becomes relatively more important to the final success and effort relatively less important. In such case, workers will try less hard to win because effort has a smaller effect on whether or not they win (Lazear amp; Oyer, 2009, p. 10). This is why he soon gives up working on the old leads but to flatter, threaten, and bribe the office manager to get good leads which can reduce the cost of his effort and diminish the importance of luck. However, the result is quite unexpected ââ¬â His attempt to get good l eads does not work out so he finally helps Dave to steal and sell the good leads to another company. This result may not be explained by tournament theory but can be explained by economic theories ââ¬â Homo economicus all want to maximize their own profit or utility at the lowest cost (Homo economicus, n.d.). Stealing and selling the leads may be a risky move but the profit it brings to Shelly exceeds the risk plus the profit he may gain from working on the old leads, and thatShow MoreRelatedThe Concept of Comparative Advantage1459 Words à |à 6 Pagesinternational market place, for items for the production of which they do not possess a comparative advantage (Pullen, 2006). 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Business Intelligence is gaining popularity in many organizations and companies. Business Intelligence Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-85040694792606324742019-12-15T08:15:00.001-08:002019-12-15T08:15:06.215-08:00Tourism Problem in Australia Free Essays string(65) " to strain the basic public services like hospitals and schools\." INSTITUTE OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AURANGABAD, INDIA Tourism planning aims at reducing damage which might be caused by tourism while ensuring maximum benefits for the socio-economic development for the nationâ⬠(Shashi Prabha Sharma, 2004) Abhishek Mohan (H-17005) Module: Tourism Planning and Development Module Tutor: Mr. Subhasis Mandal ââ¬Å"Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for B. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism Problem in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Hons. ) in hotel Managementâ⬠UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD, U. K. Synopsis This essay states the positives and negatives of tourism and the negative impacts that tourism has on different systems of a country such as economic, social and environment. It also focuses on the Tourism industry of Australia and the negative impact it has on the various attractions. It comprises of facts and figures from the tourism extracts of Australia. The essay explains the stages of tourism planning with its importance and function. It will enable the reader to connect the concepts of tourism of planning with the tourism impacts and how it can be beneficial for minimizing the negative impacts. List Of Contents TopicPage Number 1. Introduction 2. Damages Caused by Tourism and its Impacts 3. Tourism Impacts: Australia 4. Tourism Planning 5. Critique 6. Suggestions and Recommendations 7. Conclusion 8. Bibliography Introduction As stated by _________ tourism is defined as ââ¬Å"The temporary movement of people of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needsâ⬠. It is the business of travel with no political, ideological, geographical or cultural boundaries. As a industry it is very vast including wide array of people, activities and facilities. Although tourism is not identified as a distinctive industry but a unique grouping of industries tied together by a common denominator ââ¬â the traveling public. As claimed by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) the tourism industry is currently the worlds largest industry with annual revenues exceeding 3 trillion dollars. The tourism industry is a very old industry dating back up to Mayan period, which developed as civilizations became established and spread geographically. It mostly developed during the empire era, which started from the time of the Egyptians who had centralized government locations. As travel became common, food and lodging had to be provided which started a new wave of growth in the industry. Further the tourism industry is sub divided into various parts on the basis of the major stimuli attracting the people. The most common forms are: Medical tourism, Cultural tourism, sports tourism, eco tourism and many more. The new concept in the industry is of sustainable tourism which involves using all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity. Many countries have tourism as their main economic base, i. e. they totally depend on tourism for their income. Tourism also plays the role of a major income base for many other countries around the globe. In India in the year 1989, tourism marked as the largest foreign exchange earner for the countries. Even developed nations like Canada (which derived 11% of its GDP from the tourism in the year 1989) rely heavily on tourism for their income. Other than this tourism is also one of the most labour intensive industries offering jobs to skilled and semi skilled people. It is a major source of employment for the countries having scarce natural resources which cannot support the economy. Although tourism has been always identified as a industry for growth and development of a nation, but it has an other side also which involves the depletion and damage of the tourist places because of excess movement of travelers and many other reasons. Governments of many countries as well as social firms are now diverted towards the conservation of these unique tourism sites so that their beauty remains intact and they are preserved for the future generations. Tourism is an important human activity of great significance but it has negative sides also which are the social, cultural and political impacts on the region. Damages Caused by Tourism and Their Impacts Tourism is considered as an important factor for a countryââ¬â¢s development, it has its impacts on the economy as a whole. With the economic impacts it is really important to focus on the impact of tourism on nature, people and cultures of a region. At a certain point of time if tourism is not properly managed it can lead to ââ¬Å"overpopulationâ⬠of tourists in a region. Every region has its own carrying capacity of the tourists which is divided into three categories: â⬠¢Physical Capacity â⬠¢Environmental Capacity â⬠¢Ecological capacity If the Carrying capacities are not controlled it can lead to multiple problems leading to depletion of tourism in that location. Economic Impact Tourism industry is one of the major industries that have a huge impact on countryââ¬â¢s economy. Therefore governments are spending so much on the development of tourism, which in turn helps their economy in terms of GDP growth, employment, and development. It also has an impact on the foreign exchange, it has been seen that tourist arrivals increase with decrease in currency value. Tourism industry stabilizes the economy; even at the time of recession the industry had only minor declines in revenue based on the fact that citizens of most industrial nations have come to view vacationing as a necessity of life. Tourism also provides the economic incentives to developed infrastructure, which in turn can e enjoyed by the residents also. On the negative side overdependence on tourism can lead to a dangerous lack of economic diversity. If the tourism in a totally tourism dependent economy fails then they have no other option to support the economy. Tourism can also highlight too much of a good thing for a region and bring too many visitors to the area, this increased tourist arrivals can lead to increased prices and the increase of population in the region, increased number of residents will lead to strain the basic public services like hospitals and schools. You read "Tourism Problem in Australia" in category "Papers" Environmental Impacts The term environment has been defined in many ways. It can be simply defined as ââ¬Å"a given set of conditions in which one lives and is influenced and in turn influences these set of conditionsâ⬠. It was only after 1960ââ¬â¢s that people realize that environment is a perishable resource and tourism has bad impacts on the environment too. To provide adequate services to the visitors, a region must first developed the necessary infrastructure to support these services. The development of infrastructure for tourism will have a direct impact on the environment of the area. With increased level of tourist movement on the road as well as the air, there is an increase in the consumption of fuel as well as pollution being spread in the air harming the natural habitat and the forest cover of the region. Historical site detonation is also a cause of major concern. From tourism prospective the environment comprises of the following: 1. Natural environment â⬠¢Beaches â⬠¢Water bodies- lakes, rivers and oceans â⬠¢Hill Stations â⬠¢Caves â⬠¢Forests â⬠¢Wildlife 2. Built Environment: â⬠¢Accommodation and built facilities â⬠¢Transport infrastructure â⬠¢Theme parks â⬠¢Dams and Reservoirs 3. Natural Resources: â⬠¢Air â⬠¢Water â⬠¢Climate- Temperature, rainfall, snow, glaciers etc. Tourism has its impact on environment in many different ways some of them are listed below: â⬠¢Pollution: It is a major impact that tourism has on environment. Transportation facilities used for the movement of tourists over land, sea and air emit harmful gases which damage the natural ecosystem and beauty. One common example is of construction of resorts and lodging facilities inside or very close to wildlife sentries or an historical site which pollute the nearby environment with their waste and construction and other such activities. â⬠¢Depletion of natural resources: With the development of tourism facilities the forest cover of a region gets depleted. The forest wood are also used many times for fuel purposes and careless behavior of tourists also becomes a reason for many forest fires. Other impacts include the bad effect or garbage by tourists, traffic congestion and other such problems. Socio/Cultural Impact Even though a tourist is a temporary resident of a region, but they often leave long lasting impact on the community. Often the tourists visiting the underdeveloped countries have an impact on the clothing, lifestyle and oth er behavioral patterns of the local community. Although the culture is usually used for marketing a region or a community but the tourism has a huge impact on the social and cultural lives of the people of the community. Cultural Impacts: Culture is one of the main stimuli for tourists to travel. Handicrafts, cultural events, traditional dressing, religion, dance, music, folktales etc. generally attract them. Apart from creating awareness about one anotherââ¬â¢s culture, tourism has marked influence on many aspects of a societyââ¬â¢s culture. when tourists visit an unknown destination and are unaware about local customs and practices, a conflict situation may arise. Culture shock and cultural arrogance are often the reasons that create conflicts between the tourists and the host communities. Culture shock results from witnessing a totally different lifestyle or behavior by the tourist or the host. Lack of communication or understanding can cause such situations. Culture and Authenticity: Mass tourism has resulted in a shift from natural authentic culture to contrived culture and tourism planners are fulfilling the quest for knowing and enjoying the culture. While tourism helps in preservation of culture and rejuvenation of traditional art forms, sometimes locals cannot meet the demands or sell the handicrafts at low prices. The demand for large quantity of artifacts at cheaper prices has led to commercialization of material culture, which is either mass produced in a factory or imported, from abroad. In both cases there is loss of authenticity. This may lead to misunderstandings and disappointments for both tourists and residents. Handicrafts are time consuming and authentic crafts involve a lot of effort while the number of articles produced per day is low. Mass produced or factory produced crafts are cheaper and often the tourists are disappointed to note that the artifact purchased in one country has the manufacturing label of another country. Impacts On Society: The socio cultural impact of tourism varies from destination to destination depending on the nature of tourism, attitude of hosts, background of the tourists and the strengths and weaknesses of the destination. Below are listed some of the negative socio cultural impacts of tourism. â⬠¢Rural-urban migration â⬠¢Disruption of lifestyle â⬠¢Staged authenticity â⬠¢Narcotics and drug abuse â⬠¢Deceased use of local languages â⬠¢Health issues, HIV/AIDS, Avian flu etc. â⬠¢Prostitution, pedophilia, Homosexuality etc. â⬠¢Alcoholism â⬠¢Crime- pick pocketing, mugging, rape, murder â⬠¢Money laundering Disrespect of local customs Although tourism cannot be blamed for all social evils, it is a known fact that the presence of strangers, temporary visitors, floating populations, or even the armed forces may influence such social problems. Tourism Impacts: Australia Tourism is an extremely important industry in Australia. The industry has been credited for creating jobs and generating a great deal of income for the nation. In the year 2003-04 it roughly contributed 4% towards Australiaââ¬â¢s GDP, it also employed around 5. 6% of Australian workforce and made up 12% of all exports. People from around the world are attracted towards Australia for its unique attractions like the Great Barrier Reef, Tropical Rainforests and a rich indigenous heritage. It has a very well established infrastructure set up for tourism. Environmental Impact: There are many examples of tourism having impacted negatively on the physical environment. Over-development along coastal strips (such as the Gold Coast in Queensland) has created ecological problems for many of Australiaââ¬â¢s beautiful beaches. Plants and shrubs have been removed from rainforests to make room for walking trails. Recreational activities such as four-wheel driving have destroyed sand dunes and vegetation, and bottom-trawling in the Great Barrier Reef has had adverse effects on biodiversity. Visitors have dumped non-biodegradable rubbish into previously unspool ecosystems, the construction of sea walls and marinas for the benefit of humans has disrupted natural erosion processes of marine and estuarine environments, and the growing presence of humans in remote areas lacking infrastructure has caused significant waste management problems. These are just a few of the negative effects that increased human traffic caused by tourism has had on Australiaââ¬â¢s natural environment. Heron Island is an example of an ecotourism destination located on Australiaââ¬â¢s Great Barrier Reef. The University of Queensland runs the Heron Island Research Program on the island and visitors are encouraged to participate in activities organized by the research center, such as coral-coding, which contribute to the areaââ¬â¢s ecological well-being. Over 1. 5 million people visit the Australian Alps national parks annually (Good and Grenier 1994; Good 1995). Winter and summer tourism and recreation active- ties can have negative environmental impacts, such as trampling of vegetation, introduction and spread of weeds, littering, and nutrient enrichment of soils and water (Good 1992; Good and Grenier 1994; Buckley et al 2000; Pickering et al 2001; Eagles et al 2002; New- some et al 2002). Social/Cultural Impacts: Often, in a rush to develop the tourism industry, the social impacts are often overshadowed by the short-term gains, despite the fact that the essential composition of the host society will have a significant influence on the potential success of the development. Perhaps the greatest tragedy of the effects of tourism in Australia is its displacement of local residents, who are unable to afford the dramatic increases in the costs of living arising from the tourist prices for commodities. Tourism has also been associated with an increasing crime rate, from prostitution, gambling and drug abuse, and the tensions and dangers these factors create in local communities is equally responsible for resident displacement and subsequently, a general disintegration of community morale. Tourists to Australia in recent years have become increasingly interested in exploring the cultural diversity of Australia from the traditional Anglo-Saxon lifestyle, to those of the various ethnic groups and particularly of the indigenous peoples. To a considerable extent, this has enhanced the mutual intercultural understanding and awareness between all parties, and significant management actions have been undertaken to incorporate culture into tourism. Economic Impact: Tourism is often seen as ââ¬Å"the solutionâ⬠to economic hardship but in Australia it is rather diversifying the local economy. Small communities started to become reliant on tourism which drew labor away from staple industries such as agriculture and manufacture. Tourism Planning Tourism planning basically involves predicting the future, setting goals and objectives to attain the desired outcomes in the future. Planning is an important phase in any industry or organization. However, because of involvement of so many diversified organizations in the tourism industry it is not easy to plan. The planning process is a combination of processes to develop as well as sustain the tourism revenues. A wide variety of decisions are made which include the timing of development, size of infrastructure, promotional campaigns, and efforts to serve tourist places. Planning must include studies of the increased burdens on natural resources as well as basic infrastructure like roads, protection, water supply etc. so that the burden on these resources can be minimized. Planning is a continuous process and plans should be revised continuously according to the present conditions and tourist arrivals and on the basis of study of various surveys. It is also a very important phase, which will determine the future of the tourism in a region so the authority to plan usually rests with the government. Research on new industry trends should be conducted continuously to keep up with the planning process by using the information derived from those researches. Key Steps to take care for tourism planning The planning process should lay out how the government or the leading authority can maximize benefits from tourism while minimizing environmental damage and conflict with local stakeholders; it should reflect national tourism policy and development plans. A tourism plan may be part of the management plan, a stand-alone document, or combined with a site tourism development plan if tourism is important. It should give: 1. An explanation of the objectives of tourism and recreation, the activities to be encouraged or excluded in different zones, and the amenities to be provided; 2. The national context (e. g. tourism growth rates, impact of global or national socio-economic events) and policies concerning tourism development; 3. Carrying capacity and limits of acceptable change; . User fees and other income from tourism and local visitors, recognizing that the latter are likely to provide less revenue but that their support for the government is essential; and the extent to which tourism/ recreation is expected to provide income in a certain area; 5. Interpretation and education activities 6. Recognition that tourism activities and infrastructure must respect International regulations and national legislation; these should meet required s tandards and demonstrate best practices; 7. The roles of government agencies, the private sector and local communities in tourism development in and adjacent to the region, and any potential or existing conflict between this and other economic activities; 8. Monitoring key parameters to monitor include visitor trends, social and environmental impact of visitors, quality of the service provided, whether visitorsââ¬â¢ needs are being met, etc. Critique Australia is among the top 10 tourist destinations of Asia pacific with 5. 89 million tourist arrivals in the year 2010. It is famous for its beaches, wildlife and the coral reefs on of them being the Great Barrier Reef. Australia has a sophisticated and developed infrastructure to cater the tourism needs and the government has been able to properly harness the natural beauty of the country. There is an increasing demand for sports tourism in Australia and also educational tourism with the expansion of good Australian universities. Increasing number of foreign arrivals also lead to many difficult situations and problems, which the government has to cope up with. One most recent issue, which happened, was the case of racial discrimination brought up on several Indian students for a long time, which involved mob fights, and even more serious problems, which the foreign students faced. This happened mostly because of the increase in Indian students going to Australia and settling down there only. After this incident Australia has seen a decline in foreign student exchange programs. One more major incident that came up in news was about the Great Barrier Reef, which are a world famous UNESCO world heritage site and a crown to Australiaââ¬â¢s tourist destinations. Due to many natural as well as man made reasons there has been a depletion of the reef since 1998. In current scenario the reef generates income over A$7 billion annually and is a optimal destination for scuba divers and other water sports enthusiasts. On a negative side tourism rarely had much impact on Australiaââ¬â¢s economy. With the development of the tourism industry it provided jobs to unskilled as well as semi skilled workers, which in turn shifted the workforce from basic agriculture and farming jobs to the industry. Suggestions and recomendations Australia has a very particular and a strict tourism plan for monitoring tourism in the country, instead of this there are some problems which it needs to take care of which were earlier stated above. Australia should form norms and regulations for the protection of local people as well as the tourists to prevent the mishaps that haven been accuring in the future, this can also include setting up a new infrastructure or a whole new security system for the tourists. Australia also needs to maintain its tourist intake capacity because inviting more and more tourists and earning money is not the only thing, there are negative sides to it also. One can see the results of increasing tourists in Australian Alps and the Reefs in Australia. The pollution and the waste material left back by the tourists serves as a harmful element to the nature and its beauty. It can also lead to more tourists coming to visit than the carrying capacity of the region, so to revent all this the australian government should take steps at an early stage to monitor tourism for the betterment of nation as well as the tourists. The conflict between the local industries and the tourism industry should be solved in Australia. This conflict can lead to a worse later stage which will damage the job structure and economy of Australia. All other industries including the tourism industry should be interdependent on each other catering to each others needs. Conclusion Keeping Australi a tourism in the center has made this project. Australian tourism has seen a drastic increase in the previous years. Australia also features in the top 10 tourist arrivals in the Asia pacific. In spite of many negative impacts of tourism on the country as a whole the tourism continues to grow in the same pace. Recently the government has taken necessary measures to cope with the problems. Tourism planning is a plays an important role in the formation of strategies and rules for the tourist arrivals. It is a complex and continuous process which involves the involvement of more than one authoritative body. Bibliography Social and Cultural impacts Of Tourism. (2004). Retrieved 2011, from http://www. gawler. sa. gov. au/webdata/resources/files/5_Gawler_Impacts_Tourism. PDF The Tourism Industry in Australia. (2003). Retrieved from http://www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-16_u-140_t-417_c-1468/tourism/nsw/tourism/issues-in-australian-environments/geographical-issues-human-elements Catherine Marina Pickering, e. a. (2003). Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Australia. Mountain research and Development . Roy A. cook, e. a. Tourism Tge Business of Travel. Dorling Kindersley. How to cite Tourism Problem in Australia, Papers Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-59160985489489373352019-12-07T04:59:00.001-08:002019-12-07T04:59:03.742-08:00Study of UK Level of Unemployment Question: Discuss about the Study of UK Level of Unemployment. Answer: Introduction This essay mainly concerns UK level of unemployment. In this course of study I have highlighted the trends in the rate of unemployment since the year 2000 shown with the help of a diagram and various policy measures adopted by the UK government to reduce unemployment. This essay embodies the meaning of unemployment its types and stated why unemployment is a crucial word to be considered to have a smooth and healthy running economy. This study explains the calculation of rate of unemployment and various methods. Meaning of unemployment and its type: - Condition of unemployment is a condition when an individual looking for job is not able to find job. Condition of unemployment is usually used to measure o the health of the economy. It is necessary to know the no. of people who have work and those who dont have. Some People in school, some at home, handicap, or retired. These people are not included in employed people and are not counted for measuring rate of unemployment .It includes people actually searching a job or going to start a job are Considered unemployed.( Princeton, New Jersey) Types of unemployment: Cyclical unemployment: Cyclical unemployment prevails in case an individual loses his job during downfall in the business. Mainly it prevails when country produces less Gross Domestic Product (GDP). When the country produces less GDP for 6month or more, then it's in a slowdown. Structural unemployment: prevails when change in the markets or advanced technologies make the skills of certain workers outdated. Regional unemployment: this type of unemployment prevails when a worker is unable to shift his location. Classical unemployment: this type of unemployment comes when net earnings are kept higher than the market clearing wage rate, resulting excessive supply of labor. Seasonal unemployment: prevails in case there are seasonal variations in industries, especially construction industries that are affected by the weather. Frictional unemployment: prevails when lesser information prevents workers and employers to know each other. Voluntary unemployment: prevails whenever there are general changes in business activity. Why is unemployment not neglected: because if person is unemployed that means they dont have income and is unable to meet their basic needs and requirement .which affects our health and economy of our country. More people without job means more poverty that means they have limited or no access to goods and At the same time, unemployment has severe effects on gross domestic product of country because GDP is countrys monetary value .For example, an increase in construction jobs might show improving construction work. That is why unemployment rate is considered an indicator of economic growth. (Megan, M, July 8 2011) Consequences of Unemployment: Lesser production Loss of individuals earning Loss of tax revenue. Unequal distribution of income and wealth Unemployed individuals are individuals earning less who are not able to spend much money on goods n services. (Megan, M) Measuring unemployment in the UK Measurement of unemployment of a particular country at times proves difficult determining economic growth within an economy for several reasons. One- economist may disagree over what unemployment is, and how to measure it. Two-, individuals may either not wish it be known they are unemployed (i.e. not claim benefits) or on the other hand claim that they are unemployed when they are not. In the UK the two main measures of unemployment are: explained with the help of a chart below: The Claimant count method and ILO - Labor Force Survey ILO (International labor organization) Labor Force Survey: This is made using the ILO criteria to make comparison of unemployment. The method involves: Whether people are without work, want a work, have actually found work within few days, and are going to start work in the next few days. Labor Force survey knows from people whether they are working or not, and if they are searching for a job. Comprises of some people not counted for JSA, This method also helps in international comparisons. However some problems of labor force survey and Claimant count method makes it difficult to compare. (Economics online) Trends and Level of unemployment since 2000: shown in the diagram below The most important measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate. Calculation of the level of unemployment and it is calculated in percent by dividing the total number of individuals without work by all individuals doing job. During economic slowdown, usually a country has a high level of unemployment rate. (Trading economics) Various UK Government policies to reduce unemployment: Financial aid for Employment: Government gives financial aid to firms that run on the long-term. People without work will create a benefit for industries to increase their no. of labors. Employment financial aid may also be available for firm. Implementation of Fiscal and Monetary policies: One of the theories of unemployment highlights the fact that if monetary and fiscal policy does not show demand up then the country is not much expected to reach rate of employment which proves good for countries health. A growing economy provides work for people willing to start work. It also, provides employment vacancies for people not working and searching for work. , increased aggregate demand is not always to be met by employing more labor. Reduced wage system: The point is that Classical/real wage unemployment is caused by the Inability of wages to fall to their equilibrium level. Hence to improve this type of unemployment you have to take away the causes of reduced wage system such: Completely abolishing minimum wage system Reduction of Trade union allow to keep wages high for their members Excessive unemployment benefits that mean that workers and employers Are not allowing wages to fall because when they fall they may be at a similar level to unemployment benefit and there would be no incentive to work. Increase the Supply of Labor: when unemployment occurs due to the fact that many in the labor force are unwilling or unable to work (often due to inadequate or out of date skills). If people from the inactive labor force are transferred to the active labor force you will reduce the Natural rate of Unemployment known by another name as voluntary unemployment, which prevails when the economy is at full employment. By changing working age: This will help because people till the age of 17 should be allowed to continue to education and training and from 2015 until they turn 18 will continue in education or training. (Gov.UK, March 16 2016) Unemployment policies are designed to: Make skills better / Increase persons earning to make people hardworking at work place, give bigger benefit to search and take work. Increase the work and regional transferability of labor. Secure enough of demand to give more enough new jobs. Supports entrepreneurs, make way of generating new products advanced and high market demand result in providing improved work vacancies. ( Tejvan, P, November 14 2011) Conclusion The word unemployment is an alarming tone for the survival of the country. The only solution to end the level of unemployment is to prepare the youth towards the welfare of the county. Industrialization should be given top preference that would lead to employment opportunities for the youths by contributing stability to the country. Intense unemployment rate of a country results to social and economic problems in the country. Economic problems leads to less productivity, less income distribution, fallen tax revenues, less GDP rate etc. References: Princeton, New Jersey, 1942.The concept of unemployment, The Quarterly Journal of Economic,vol.57,no.1, pp. 1-30 Megan, M, July 8 2011.Why unemployment matter The Atlantic, Retrieved June 3 2016, from https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/07/why-unemployment-matters/241658/. Tejvan, P, January 24 2016.The UK unemployment mystery, retrieved June 3 2016, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/6744/unemployment/the-uk-unemployment-mystery/ Economics online, Measurement of UK unemployment, Retrieved June 3 2016, fromhttps://economicsonline.co.uk/Managing_the_economy/Measuring_unemployment.html Trading economics, trends in level of unemployment of UK, Retrieved June 3 2016, from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/unemployment-rate Tejvan, P, November 14 2011. Policies for Reducing Unemployment, Retrieved June 3 2016, fromhttps://www.economicshelp.org/blog/3881/economics/policies-for-reducing-unemployment/ Tutor2u.net, Unemployment Main Causes of Unemployment, Retrieved June 4 2016, Fromhttps://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/unemployment-causes-ofunemployment. Gov.UK, March 16 2016.Policy paper budget2016, Retrieved June 4 2016, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/budget-2016-documents/budget-2016. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-86093354438013051772019-11-29T16:40:00.001-08:002019-11-29T16:40:03.410-08:00Theodore Roosevelt Essays (868 words) - , Term Papers Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt ?The life of Theodore Roosevelt (1858?1919) was one of constant activity, immense energy, and enduring accomplishments. As the twenty-sixth President of the United States, Roosevelt was the wielder of the Big Stick, the builder of the Panama Canal, an avid conservationist, and the nemesis of the corporate trusts that threatened to monopolize American business at the start of the century. His exploits as a Rough Rider in the Spanish-American War and as a cowboy in the Dakota Territory were indicative of his spirit of adventure and love of the outdoors. Reading and hunting were lifelong passions of his; writing was a lifelong compulsion.? After graduating magna cum laude, from the Harvard University, Theodore began to lay the building blocks for his public career. He began one of the most historic political careers ever. Roosevelt put his early political years in these words, ?I rose like a rocket?. After being a New York Assemblyman, United States Civil Commissioner, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt played a significant role in the Spanish-American War. The Spanish, who once thrived in the new world, really only controlled Cuba now. But the Cubans attempted several times to receive their independence. The Cubans were mistreated, so the United States stepped in. War was declared against Spain by the United States. As the war went on Roosevelt began a group called the Rough Riders. This group consisted of largely cowboys, Indians, and college athletes. The group was led by Teddy and Colonel Leonard Wood. On June 30, the Rough Riders marched to Santiago. Then On July 1, the Rough Riders played a huge role in the American victory at San Juan Hill. Now with the Hills, Teddy the Rough Riders and the rest of the American troops, were ready to attack Santiago. Later, because Spain could not fight anymore, Spain asked for a peace agreement. Now Teddy was a war hero, this is nothing but help his chances for the U.S. President spot. After holding the governor spot over New York, Theodore ran as Vice President with William McKinley. On September 6, 1901 President McKinley was assassinated by, a anarchist named Leon Czolgosz. And the Rough Rider, cowboy, was now the President of the United States. ?Although only 42, by far the youngest president in the nation's history up to that time, Roosevelt brought solid qualifications to the office.? ? No event had a more profound effect on Theodore Roosevelt's political career.? As the President, Roosevelt look out for the best interest of the United States. In dealing with business, President Roosevelt was determined to see that no ?Big Business? had a monopoly. As a result in early 1902, the attorney-general was ordered by Teddy to file a suit against The Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad investment company. The company controlled 3 major railroads in the Northwest. The Northwest Securities Company was charged with being a monopoly, under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The Supreme Court later ruled on the case a said the Northern Securities Company must be broken up because they were ?combination in restraint of trade.? Because of the success that Roosevelt won in this case, he brought charges on over 40 more Big Businesses. The most important businesses broken up by the Supreme Court, as a result of Roosevelt's actions were the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company. Because the antitrust cases were took so long to get to the Supreme Court, Roosevelt asked Congress to pass the Expedition Act, which sped the process. Roosevelt did not discriminate big businesses simply because they were big, he looked for the businesses that posed a threat to the public. ?Roosevelt's action against big businesses won him the title ?trust buster'. One of the biggest challenge Roosevelt took on was getting the Panama Canal built. The United States and Great Britain signed a treaty which gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build, and operate a canal in Central America. There was some disagreement where the canal would be built, but the final decision was Panama, where a French company had been digging but went bankrupt. In June of 1902 congress passed the Isthmian Canal Act, which authorized the purchase of the French land for $40 million. But the United States also had to get control of the canal zone from what was then Colombia. Secretary of State made an agreement with Thomas Herran to purchase, the right to control the land, for $10 million plus $250,000 yearly. The U.S. Senate accepted it but, the Colombian senate rejected the offer, hoping to get more money. At this point Roosevelt considered taking the land by force. He called them(Colombian senate) corrupted, and he said they were trying to black-mail the United States. But the people who lived in Panama were resentful to Colombia government, and a revolt was Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-147962514797087162019-11-25T18:33:00.001-08:002019-11-25T18:33:04.838-08:00Sleep Disorders essaysSleep Disorders essays The effect between the number hours asleep and performance on tests. The problem is that if the number hours sleeping will effect what you will do the next day. Or, does the hours sleeping have no effect on what happens the next day. Does the hours asleep really effect performances we meet the following day? Do people feel better if they had the right hours asleep the night before? Do they feel more relaxed and more devoted on what they are doing if they get the right hours asleep. I went to articles to pursue this topic and found out a lot of information about it. There were many different studies on sleeping disorders and being deprived of sleep. This problem has been around for awhile. A lot of people ave done experiments on the effects of seeping. People always wondered about if sleep has an effect on how we live the next day. They might think that you would not does as well if not given enough sleep the night before. But does sleep has an effect on our performance on any given thing. Glory Cochrane wrote an article on the effects of sleep deprivation. She wrote about sleep loss has negative effects on three basic areas, motor performance, cognitive functions, and mood. It has the strongest effect on mood and weakness on motor functions. She also says that any loss of sleep can have varying effects on an individuals ability to deal with day today situations. An author of science news named B. Bower also wrote an article on sleep deprivation. He wrote that sleep deprived people display generally lower brain activity while grappling with math problems than do when rested. He also wrote that the build up sleep promoting substances, such as adenosine, in the prefrontal cortex of sleepy individuals may cause that area to work harder when confronted ... Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-87141472341806769842019-11-22T01:57:00.001-08:002019-11-22T01:57:03.586-08:00Community Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsCommunity Health - Essay Example There are some similarities between the two concepts of community and aggregate. Both are populations of people who are associated with each other and share some characteristics. However there are also differences between the two concepts. The largest difference is in the interaction between the two. An aggregate of people are a population who share a common interest, where those in a community do not necessarily share common interests, it is likely to be other factors which unite them. Both those in an aggregate and those in a community share common problems and often common goals. The difference between the two concepts is that those in an aggregate do not act together to realize these goals or solve their problems whereas those in a community do interact and work together in this pursuit (Undergraduate Curriculum Handbook, 2003). An example of an aggregate within the community is homeless clients (Clark, 2002). There are many homeless people across America and there are many subdivisions within the aggregate. The aggregate could be considered in terms of various subgroups such as homeless children, homeless women, homeless immigrants and so forth. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-26111575914492634052019-11-20T19:17:00.001-08:002019-11-20T19:17:06.725-08:00Diabetes type 2 treatment and prevention Research PaperDiabetes type 2 treatment and prevention - Research Paper Example 2011). This brings us to the question; what is diabetes? Bethesda, M. (2008) describes diabetes as a disorder that affects the way the body utilizes digested food for energy and growth. Candib, L. (2007) says that biological factors contribute to the offspring chances of getting diabetes. Tuomilehto, et al (2011) says that the good news is that diabetes may be prevented despite it being a hereditary disease, evidence proves that diabetes may be delayed or prevented in persons at high risk (those with impaired glucose regulation). Clinical research has proved that those at risk of developing diabetes have a 50% chance of not developing it provided they follow a healthy lifestyle; this includes a healthy diet, maintaining a healthy body weight and increasing the level of physical activity. Frank, B. (2011) suggests that obesity and overweight are the leading contributors to diabetes. He says that the majority of adults in the developing countries is affected the most. Tuomilehto, et al, (2011) suggests that obesity can be prevented or reduced by encouraging people to do physical exercise, improving on their eating habits; this may be achieved by eating smaller portions and choosing healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables and by eating boiled foods that have less cholesterol and change of lifestyle;. He further suggests the following as ways of preventing obesity; change of family eating habits and activities rather than focusing on weight reduction. Parents should act as role models for their children; they may do this by eating healthy and increasing their level of physical exercise Bethesda, M. (2008) says that in addition to being obese and overweight the age of above 45 years is also a risk factor for developing diabetes. He further suggests those with the age of above 45 years should go for regular medical checkups, which should be repeated at least every 3 Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-68096335802736450412019-11-18T20:56:00.001-08:002019-11-18T20:56:04.591-08:00State of African Americans in the United States Early 1900's EssayState of African Americans in the United States Early 1900's - Essay Example The Afro-Americans political experience can be explained by social injustices and liberals which forsake other elements of its past liberal which Dunn (1998) explains that it is what made America what it has become today. For example, labor movements, Rooseveltââ¬â¢s trust busting, and Johnson Great Society, as well as other civil studies that took place in America back in 1920. Looking back at Afro-American history, it becomes obvious that its social issues drove the electorate of the country through out the 20th century. However, the most important thing to understand is that the social issues shifted to various forms of parties and because of these, the countryââ¬â¢s social electorate changed its economic platform. Some of them were slaves who served in rich white men land. However, historical figures like Washington educational legacy helped transform the condition of Afro-Americans in the twenty first century, and transformed them into liberal thinking and conservative bla ck towards their economic success. Mathew (2006) asserts that Washington was a supporter of Afro-Americans education, who helped broaden their minds to a culture that included classics and Latin exploration. He had planned for their education in order to ensure that they had economic success and status. The legal rights in the South have changed over the past 30 years, especially from the time of Civil war to today. For example, the social conservatism helped in shaping American politics. Washington and Fonvielle helped the Afro-Americans in changing their legal rights by advocating for equal rights to each American citizen (Rubel, 2005). This kind of proclamation emancipation helped the African Americans to unite with the army in order to make a rapid progress like the white soldiers. The army tried to change the mind of their citizens as well as influence the legislative in terms of their legal rights. Additionally, from the time of civil war to today, Democratic Party was seen as a party of South. The party having being termed as common-manââ¬â¢ party, it is said to have favored the working class in terms of economic matters (Rubel, 2005).The south was therefore, a democratic region, but when it shifted its gear to republican, the economic implications changed. This is because, when blacks got the right to vote, they voted for the Republican Party because of Lincoln who was reconstructing the South at the time. They also wanted both economic and social change, for example, capitalism. and liberalism. The significance of the recent movement of Afro-Americans from South to North showed that there is free movement of people from one place to another, Rubel (2005). After the civil war, the South were still farmers, where the Democratic Party represented them. The movement of the South to North was mostly to escape from the slavery bonds and therefore, decided to move to the Free states. This was as a result of the Abolitionists like Washingtonââ¬â¢s and F rontier advocacy who were working underground to guide the Afro-Americans into freedom. However, during the reconstruction, America struggled to free the slaves and assimilate them into local and national communities, at the same time minimize those citizens who were not willing to help the African- Americans. The Washington, Frontiers and other supporters of Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-90611323217342269182019-11-16T09:29:00.001-08:002019-11-16T09:29:10.509-08:00Effect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu ValleyEffect On Air Pollution Of Kathmandu Valley Clean air is necessary for human health. Human body needs approximately 25 kg of air per day to keep up its requirement of oxygen (CEN, 2002). It replicates signifies the importance of air to human beings and any contamination in the air will have a direct impact on our health. Pure air consists 21% of oxygen 78% of nitrogen and 1% other gases. If the air composition is altered by the increase in concentration of certain gases or by intrusion of non-gaseous components like particulate matters, then the air is understood to be polluted and the components that alter the inherent compositional property of air are termed as air pollutants. Air pollution affects almost all aspects of the environment including the biota and the physical components where they strive on. A variety of sources have been identified as the components of the air pollution and they include both the natural and anthropogenic sources of origin; however, the anthropogenic sources of air pollution are more pronounced. Anthropogenic air pollutants are more harmful and include Particulate matter (PM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Ozone (O3) and Hydrocarbons (HCs). (CEN, 2002) Air pollution is a big issue all over the world mainly in urban areas because of fossil fuel driven transportation system.. Besides this, the unmanaged booming of urban settlements has helped to increase the concentration of air pollutants by limiting their horizontal dispersion thereby interfering with the health of people. Mainly, children, elderly and the patients of lungs and heart are more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution. According to Asian Development Bank (2001), in the South Asian Cities, approximately 100,000 premature deaths every year is caused by the detrimental effects of air pollution. Air Pollution in Kathmandu The issue of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley is continuously drawing the attention of concerned bodies and the gravity of the problem is growing year by year. Owing to the topography of Kathmandu Valley, growing population, haphazard urbanization and increase in vehicle density imparted as an effect of affluence and need to serve the growing population, the valley has been facing worse situation of ambient air every year. However, the issue of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley doesnt bear a long history as the development of road networks and history of transportation system in the valley do not have the long history either. Many researches and the discourse held within the country on air pollution has identified the transportation system and linked with it, the poor situation of the infrastructure as the root causes of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Regarding the dominant air pollutant of Kathmandu, it is Particulate Matter (PM), the concentration of which is observed higher d uring night in the winter due to the creation of inversion layer which acts as the blanket to trap pollutants. The PM concentration in Kathmandu has always exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standard and National Ambient Air Quality Standard of Nepal. Besides particulate matters (PM10 and PM2.5) the concentration of other pollutants are not a major issue in Kathmandu Valley. Gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and SO2 are generally within standards but the concentration of NO2 is fairly high in areas with heavy traffic and this has the potential of future increase with further increase in number of vehicles operating within the valley. Another potential concern is the concentration of air toxins such as benzene and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The concentration of benzene is within national standards but the national standard of 20Ãâà µg/m3 is itself fairly high. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PAH, monitoring done in 2003 indicated fairly high levels of these pollutants in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007) PM2.5 is considered to be more hazardous than PM10. Although Nepal does not have any standards for PM2.5, some monitoring has been carried out for PM2.5 in Kathmandu Valley. (ICIMOD, 2007) Statement of Problem Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal is the focus of all the major facets of the country, namely economy, tourism, culture, politics, administration and natural environment. Due to the above reasons, the population of Kathmandu valley is increasing day by day. Apart from this, the infrastructure development has never been able to keep up with the unmanaged and accelerating growth. As a result, this has led to increase in slums, inadequate and polluted drinking water supply, polluted air to breathe, haphazard manner of dumping the solid waste in the neighborhoods. Every people have right to breath clean air. Increase in population, vehicular fleet, energy consumption and industries, mainly brick industries have contributed to degrade air quality in Kathmandu valley. Overall, the bowl or the cup shaped topography of the valley also has prevented the dispersion of air pollutants to longer distances. Research questions: The research will address following issues: 1. What is the main air pollution facing by local people in Kathmandu valley? 2. What are the main institutional changes that have been made to control the air pollution? 3. What are strength and weakness of these institutional changes? 4. What further policy measures should be instituted to reduce air pollution to acceptable levels? 2. Background Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal. The Kathmandu valley consists of three major cities i.e Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu Valley is situated in 27Ãâà ° 3730 N and 27Ãâà ° 450 N latitude and 85Ãâà ° 15Ãâà ´0à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ³ E and 85Ãâà ° 22Ãâà ´30à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ³ E longitude. And the Kathmandu valley is located at an altitude of 1350meters. The Kathmandu valley is oval shaped and surrounded by high hill range. And the area of Kathmandu valley is 340 sq.km and the total population of Kathmandu valley is 1,442,271(CBS 2001). The climate of Kathmandu valley is sub tropical temperate. Along with it have four seasons pre-monsoon, monsoon, post monsoon and winter. In general, average temperature in summer is 32Ãâà °c and in winter is 5Ãâà °c. Due to economic activity and high chances of opportunities and facilities many people from all around the country has been migrated in the Kathmandu valley and is been highly dense. Air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley has been one of the major problems. It can be said that air pollution started as the invention of road networks and automobiles. High population with unplanned and unmanaged urbanization, rapid increasing of automobiles, vehicles and industries are the factors in the causes of air pollution. http://www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif (Source: http://www.tsiindia.com/img/nepal_map.gif, date:30th November 2010) According to the presentation given by traffic police, road length per traffic police has improved since 1995 from 2.3 km to 1.6 km that is good sign for better traffic management. Nevertheless, due to enormous rise in the number of vehicles in Kathmandu, the traffic police are laden with responsibilities of higher number of vehicles than they had to be for 1995. From 2002 to 2009, the total number of vehicles in Bagmati zone increased by 1.25 times than that was before 2002 from 176415 to 396151. The statistics show that the vehicles has progressively increased from 2002 to 2009, the only exception being at 2006/07 probably due to the cause of contemporary political situation. The number of vehicles for individual traffic police has increased from 165 in 1995 to 415 in 2008 i.e. more than 2.5 times. In reality, the number of vehicles a traffic police should look for is even higher because not all the traffic police within Kathmandu are in duty at the same time during a day. In the context of road length and vehicle numbers, the nominal increase in road length has resulted in crowding of roads. The population density per kilometer road length during 1995 was 1668 that rose to 2353 in 2008 while, the number of vehicles per kilometer road length in Kathmandu was 70 in 1995 that has risen by about four times i.e. 255 in 2008. Moreover, in case of Kathmandu the traffic congestion, in practice, is observed due to the inadequate road width and lack of proper identification of the road lane for vehicles moving from the opposite directions. The proper traffic management can thus be initiated with the demarcation of lane, which can, as additional benefit, reduce the vehicle collision and traffic accident. Figure : Comparison on Transportation Attributes for 1995 and 2005 (Source: Valley Traffic Control, 2009 where Blue colour shows 1995 and red is 2005) Causes of Air pollution: If any unwanted particles mixed in the air, it is called air pollution. It can cause for both human Well as environment also. Air pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid as well as gas form. They are may be either natural or artificial. Main artificial air pollutants are Sulfur Oxides, Nitrogen Oxides, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Volatile organic compounds, Particulate matters, ground ozone, ammonia etc. (Wikipedia). Sources of artificial air pollution are as follows: i) Rapid Urbanization ii) Vehicular emission iii) Industrial growth iv) Unmanaged disposal of waste etc. 3. THEORY 3.1 Concept of Institution: An institution is any structure or mechanism of social order or it may bee said as a set of some formal rules, regulation and norms of some formal rules, regulation and norms formulated to establish the smooth running society or to govern the behavior of human being in the society. Institutions are formed to formalize the society and to show the human being to act as a social animal. It is the outcome of the society and can be said as the need in the human community to harmonize the behavior of the people. The term institution is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service (Stanford Encyclopedia: social institutions). Although individual, formal organizations, commonly identifies as Institution may be deliberately and intentionally created by people, the development and functioning of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergency, that is institution arise, develop and function in a pattern of social self organizations, which goes beyond the conscious intentions of the individual human involved (http://en .wikipedia.org/wiki/institution#aspects_of_institutions, 28th nov. 2010). The institution that has been established to enhance the quality of ambient air quality in Kathmandu is the outcome of the result from the air pollution. Those are not demand of the people but the result of the problem. The banning of two stroke vehicles in Kathmandu, banning of brick kiln factories was not in favor of people. It just hit on the head of the poor people in the society, but that was the outcomes of the problems not as the intentional outcomes. 3.2 Resource Use and Resource Regimes: Those goods which consists of a natural or human made resource system whose size or characteristics makes it costly but not impossible to exclude the people from getting benefits from its use are generally known as common-pool resource (CPR) or it may be called as common-property resources. Since the common-pool resources are open access, there is the problem off congestion or over use. Unlike public goods, they are subtractable. A common pool resource for example air is a large stock but only provides the limited quantity of extractable unit and over use will create problems as we are here to discuss the air pollution in Kathmandu. A common property regime is a particular social arrangement regulating the preservation, maintenance, and consumption of a common pool resource. The use of the term Common property resource to designate a type of good has been critized, because common pool resource is not necessarily governed by common property regimes.(http://en.wikkipedia.org/wiki/commo n/pool/resource,date26th Nov.2010). Example may be taken as the air in Kathmandu which is the common pool resources. It allows certain amount of pollutants but beyond this the gets polluted. There will be various consequences as it gets polluted. Because the core resource is vulnerable, it is subjected to congestion, over use and ultimately pollution. Any system has their own certain capacity to cope with the change and beyond that the system gets disturb and in case off air in Kathmandu, situation came due to the dramatic increase in population and excessive use of vehicles that run by the fossil-fuels. The use of common pool resources can be continuously done as the loop if they are managed properly and carefully exploited because they form the positive feedback loop since they are stock variable but the haphazard use of it deteriorates the stock and disrupt the flow variable for good. 3.2.1 Resource Use in Kathmandu: Open access Market Effect of distribution No rules As shown in the above figure, the air in the Kathmandu was open access and there was no any rules concerning the use of it and the ownership for it. As the time passes, there araised several agents and market introduced. The outcome of the dramatic increase in the population in the city results in the excessive use of vehicles for the transportation system. Unfortunately those vehicles are run by fossil fuel which when used emit air pollutant in the atmosphere. So there is the pollution problem in the valley. Now government has their head towards it and they are formulating institution to enhance thee quality of it. Though the air in the valley is open access but there are some rules concerning the use of it. Thee government have introduced green tax, banning of diesel running three wheelers etc. Now the system approaches where it is still the open access but with market, shown in the figure above. There are some rules concerning the use of it and hence thee distributional have came into action in this case. 3.3 Framework for Analyzing for resource use problem Air in the Kathmandu valley is common property and is open access. At the time passes, the technology has developed as well as the population of city increase dramatically. This is partly due the centralization and civil war in Nepal. If the natural resources was vast compare to the capacity of people to use it, there could be no problem (vatn, 2005), but here the thing is just opposite to that. Technology Attributes of the resources: Outcomes -resource use -state of resource Agents and aagents choices Patterns of interaction Institutions- regimes Convention Norms Formal rules (Source: Vatn, 2005,) (Figure: Framework for analyzing resource use problems) Finally this aspect has influence has chose new institution and government of Nepal formulated some rules and regulation for the enhancement of air quality in Kathmandu valley. Along with this, different Medias, NGOs, INGOs are involved to motivate people regarding air pollution. The institution such as banning of two stock vehicles, relocation of Himal cement factory, introduction of green tax was introduced. Although there are many such many rules regulation and acts came into existence but some the institution lack third party control system. The government formulated the rules and people were not seemed to walk along with this change. Since there was lack of third party no body were there to check and control the implementation of such policies. With regards to institution we may also distinguish between operational rules, rules concerning the defining of operation rules and finally external arrangement / rules. The operational rule defines the everyday regulation regimes. (Vatn, 2005). The next important factor to take into consideration is agents and agents choice. Here the structure of institution greatly helps to motivate the people. Institution in Nepal was so formed that people were motivated and aware of air pollution and its impact to some extent. But the technology did not fit the resource use. As being the developing county the people do not have any option rather than to use fissile fuels as the main source of energy for the transportation system. At the same time dramatic increase in population in the city force to consume more fuel energy and Kathmandu valley stood first in position in term of vehicle registration in Nepal. So the air being the open access was very vulnerable to risk. Eventually due interaction of technology and choice of agents the problem of air pollution came in the valley. There difficulties are mainly due to four factors. Basically regime is not able to motivate correlation action in accordance with what is demanded given resource characteristic, technology, number of agents and corruption by the government official. Corruption is so deep rooted that one can easily break up the institution formulated by the state. This can be seen as the drawback of the system or the lack of motivation. If outcomes are not in accordance what is expected or wanted agents can change institutional structures. In principal this may occur at all level, with regards to conventions, norms and formal rules (Vatn, 2005). However, changing such rules and regulation certainly need considerable time and result of such change to the institution can only be noticed after some period of time. 3.4 Air as a common pool resource in Kathmandu Goods or resources can be generally classified into two groups. They are Excludable or Non-excludable and Rivalry or Non Rivalry. When a person or a firm can set a barrier on his/her property like land to prevent the use of it by other are called excludable goods and those where the demarcation is not possible are called non-excludable goods. When the goods at one time prevent the use off same good simultaneously by other is called rivalry goods and on the other hand, just like air, the of which can never stop other to use it at the same time is called non-rivalry goods or resource. Exclusion costs (TCs) Low High I III II IV Yes Rivalry in use or consumption No (Source: Vatn, 2005, pp 263) (Fig: Characterization of resources or goods according to the cost of exclusion and rivalry in use or consumption). While goods of type I are typically labeled Private goods, type II and type IV are called goods and public goods, respectively. With regards to type III, common-pool-resourceis an often used concept. In the tradition of leaping of resource characteristics to regime implication, type I is often equated with private property and markets, II with clubs, III with standard common property or open access and IV with state/public property. (Vatn, 2005, pp 263) 3.4.1 Rivalry goods As we are discussing about the in the Kathmandu valley, it can bee seen that the resource is rivalry type. In Kathmandu valley, different types of factories, industries, vehicles are continuously meeting the air pollutant which ultimately invited the pollution problem and all the citizens are suffering from it. In the case of rival goods, the core problem is that of external effect. This is typically the case for many environmental resources where use-at least beyond the certain level-reduce its quantity and/or quality (Vatn, 2005, pp263). Therefore air in case of Kathmandu valley can be considered as rival goods. 3.4.2 Non-Excludable goods When the goods are private or owned by certain people or organization, than the demarcation is very easy that means transaction cost is very low. But when thee goods or resources are open access or common property, the exclusion cost is very high because the typical demarcation is not possible. In this case, air is common property and everybody in the city can use it undoubtly and the transaction cost is very high 3.5 Mechanism to reduce air pollution: The pollution problem in Kathmandu can be seen as the outcome of excessive energy used and technological development. This can simply be framed as follows: Production Input Output 3.5.1 Taxation input Basically the major pollution problem in the valley is due to the excessive use of the vehicles which are runes by the petroleum products. So air pollution can be reduced by introducing the tax in the fossil fuel. This is the best way because there is low transaction cost in doing so. High tax in the fule wills automatically reduce the use of private vehicles and the public vehicles uses will be increased to the considerable extent. 3.5.2 Taxation in production and technology On the other hand, this can be done by introducing the tax in the technology that means motor car, private vehicles, and factories, industries which use energy and emit the pollutants in the air and also providing the subsidy to those who use bicycle or electronic means of transportation. As the government of Nepal is doing , banning of diesel running three wheelers, two stock vehicles are also the way to enhance the air quality to some extent. This is a very simple way and there is low transaction cost in introduction such institutions but this dominantly hit the poor in the society. 3.5.3 Taxation in Output There is another way of controlling the air pollution but the transaction cost in very high in doing so. The introduction of emission tax can be very good way to enhance the air quality. Here the transaction cost will be fairly very high. 4. Methods For fulfilling the study objectives, a systematic study approach was followed. The major base for research founded with the collection of relevant secondary data and information from various national and international sources. The field-based study could not be done. The following process are done: Literature Review Secondary Data Collection Data Analysis Draft Report Preparation Final Report Dissemination 5. Analysis Increasing number of vehicles without extension of roads is diagnosed to be the major problem in Kathmandu. The growth of the vehicles in Kathmandu is a major concern to traffic police, vehicle drivers, and pedestrians. From the result, it is observed that the road length of Kathmandu is increasing very nominally while the numbers of vehicles are increasing with an exceptional growth rate and it ultimately help to increase air pollution. 5.1 Causes of Air Pollution Air pollution causes by both anthropogenic as well as natural sources. Anthropogenic source is the main cause in Kathmandu valley than that of natural source. Mainly fossil fuel combustion and other activities like brick factories, unmanaged road system, stone grinding factories are added pollution. Vehicle system is the main source to emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide. Approximately 67 percent of Particulate matter is supplied by vehicular emission in Kathmandu valley. 5.1.1 Sources of air pollution Sources of air pollution are of two types: Natural and artificial. Main sources of artificial air pollution are as follows: A) Rapid Urbanization: Kathmandu valley has very fertile land, but nowadays it is known as unmanaged urban area. The main cause of this is Kathmandu-centric development and migration of people due to insurgency and political conflict. It is the biggest city of the Nepal and about 20 percent urban people live here. The population increase rate here is as twice as national rate of 2.2%. (ICIMOD, 2007). B) Vehicular Emission: It is the main source for air pollution. According to the Department of Transportation and Management, Government of Nepal, the first bus service in Nepal commenced in1957 and since then the fleet has grown substantially. The cumulative vehicular number in Bagmati zone (administrative zone where the vehicles of Kathmandu Valley are registered) was 176,415 in 2001 and it reached 396,151 in 2008. Most of the vehicles registered in Bagmati zone is used in Kathmandu valley. This record shows the rapid increment of vehicles in Kathmandu valley. Vehicle number in Kathmandu has been increasing rapidly in the last five years. C) Industrial Emissions: About two-fifth industries in Nepal are located in Kathmandu valley. According to the Department of Cottage and small industries, there were 14,971 up to 2006. Out of them, 111 are brick kilns and 89 are stone crushers. They contribute 14% of the total particulate matter in Kathmandu valley. Management of solid waste is another problem which also causes air pollution and vulnerable to health. (ICIMOD,2007) 5.1.2 Effects of air pollution The effect of air pollution is high in human health. High exposure in air pollution may cause chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, asthma and other respiratory problems. It also affects cardio vascular system and nervous system (Lahiri, 2003). Particulate matter is the main problem of Kathmandu, which not only affects the health but also the tourism industry. Due to the poor health, human productivity is also loss. All these impacts finally affect the economic system of individual as well as of state. The long term study of health impact due to air pollution is yet to be conducted in Kathmandu Valley. However, Child Workers in Nepal Concerned Centre (CWIN) surveyed about 60 children who were working as staffs on three-wheelers in valley and result showed that 84% staffs were suffering from eye problem, 82% chest pains, 66% were suffering from coughs and 58% by headaches. Similarly 45% children were suffering by respiratory problem. Shakya S conducted a study incorporating questionnaires to the traffic police. He observed that out of 90 traffic police, most of them were suffering from diseases related to nervous and respiratory systems. Similarly, Clean Energy Nepal (CEN) also did a questionnaire survey for the people who live near to the brick industries and in control area. The study revealed that 54% out of surveyed people near to the brick kiln were suffering from respiratory problem and 41% people in the control area were affected by respiratory disorder. The other problems due to air pollution are as follows: Acid rain Ozone layer depletion Reduction of visibility In context of Kathmandu, the issues of acid rain and ozone layer depletion are not very significant as both of these issues are the outcomes of the heavy industrial pollution. The formation of the photochemical smog and acid droplets due to hydration of the SOx and NOx are not well defined in the pollution status of the ambient air of Kathmandu. As mentioned in the earlier sections the concentrations of both these gases are well below the standards set by the Government of Nepal and WHO. However, regarding the visibility the problem perpetuates in Kathmandu during all seasons with even more pronounced effects during the winters when temperature inversion takes place. The visibility problem is basically caused by the particulate matters and the problem subsides only during the periods of heavy rainfall. 5.2. Policies and institutional arrangements for managing emissions from motor vehicles: A number of programs have been done to fight against the air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. Some are given below. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 1991, government stopped to register three-wheelers. It was the first response related to air pollution of Kathmandu valley. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 1994, government place emission standards for in-use vehicles. Green stickers were given those vehicles which met emission values. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Ministry of Population and Environment was established in 1995. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Environmet Protection Act 2000 and Rules were enacted in 1997. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 1998, the government formulated NVMES in 2000; these standards, equivalent to EURO-I emission norms, went into effect from January 2000. All new means of transportation imported from abroad since then have had to meet the terms. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 1997 the government decided to provide financial support to battery-operated electric three-wheelers. It was given in the form of tax breaks. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 1999, diesel three-wheelers were banned in Kathmandu Valley. Similarly it was banned in other cities also. Vehicle owners were given tax incentive to buy new vehicles. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In November 2000, the government decided to ban public vehicles older than 20 years. Similarly it banned all two stroke vehicle in Kathmandu Valley. The policy was followed from 16 November, 2001. Government tried to follow this rule strictly but was unable to put into practice the decision. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In late 2000, two-stroke motorcycle registration was restricted. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ The vehicle run by LPG and CPG (compressed natural gas) was improved from 2000. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 2001, government decided adds 10% extra tax for the vehicle having older than 15 years. This is the first case that government linked between tax and vehicle age. It helped to discourage the use of older vehicles. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 2001, The National Transport Policy was formulated. This policy is directly related to clean transportation system. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ In 2003, the National Ambient Air Quality System for various air pollutants was established. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Two-stroke three-wheeler vehicles were banned from 2004 in the Kathmandu Valley. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¢ Government closed Himal Cement Factory to control the air pollution which was situated near the valley. (Source: Dahal, 2006) Government has formulated and applied many rules and regulations to address the air pollution of Kathmandu valley, but the graph below shows that the main air pollutants Total Suspended Particulates (Particulate matters) is increasing every year. (Source: MoEST Report 2006) 5.3. Strength and weakness of these institutional changes: It is found that reforms in existing institutional set up is likely to bring some positive impact on the air quality of Kathmandu valley. Removing two stroke vehicles from the valley have reduced the air pollution as well as noise pollution. It has also helped to reduce the energy consumption because the two stroke vehicles use more fuel than other. However, the rules and regulations are no implemented because of the political instability and corruptions. The economic condition of the country has also impacted on the implementation the institutions because the government has not allocated sufficient fund for environment. In Nepal there is separate ministry dealing with environment (Ministry of Environment), however, the establishment of the local authority like environment department and its associated regional and district bodies, to effectively deal with the problems related to environment has not been materialized yet, even after more than a decade has passed with the establishmen t of environment ministry. The establishment of environment department is still in the stage of planning and government has made efforts to establish it in near future, but according to the government financial constraint Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3247529052514782779.post-82785008525906978332019-11-13T22:00:00.001-08:002019-11-13T22:00:03.078-08:00I Donââ¬â¢t Know What I Want to Do, but I Know that it has Nothing to Do wiI Donââ¬â¢t Know What I Want to Do, but I Know that it has Nothing to Do with Medical School Ihave had three majors since I have been in college. Chemistry was my entering major, which I kept all of one semester. The one I kept the longest is math, which I had for three semesters. Now I am an anthropology major. This is my first semester with this major. In fact, I havenââ¬â¢t officially changed the major yet. In order to understand where I am in my life now, you must realize where I have been. In high school I was in the National Honors Society, I took AP classes, and was completely controlled by my family. They had put the idea in my head that money made people happy. I had to make a lot of it. I was pushed to decide what I wanted to do with my life early. To my family the obvious choice was for me to be a doctor. I went with it. All I wanted was for them to approve of me. My senior year I was taking AP physics and a chemistry course. I decided I liked chemistry, there was my major. It really didnââ¬â¢t matter what it was, I was pre-med., any science would do. Science? What was I thinking? I got to college and realized chemistry was not for me. I hated lab, the professors, for the most part, were mean, and I just didnââ¬â¢t want to be a doctor anymore. The slight separation that I had from my family made me realize I didnââ¬â¢t know what I wanted to do, but I knew that it was not medical school. Then came the freak out. What am I going to do with myself? Professional student sounded good to me. All I needed was something I could get good grades in without trying. Obviously math, since I never had to study for a math class in my life. I wasnââ¬â¢t just good at math, I WAS math. So I changed my major, thinking it was the best move ever. It... ...es, I want to travel, and I hate the nine to five lifestyle. My plan is to get my Ph.D. in archaeology and then become a college professor. I will dig in the summer and maybe teach a few field schools later on. Being a teacher is something I would like to do too. Now that I am in college I realize the best teachers are the ones that are a little bit crazy. I think that is so fitting for me. One of my professors now, Elise Brenner, is my idol. She is an archaeologist and a college professor. I learn so much in her class because she doesnââ¬â¢t do a straight lecture format, and she makes class enjoyable and memorable. I want to be to someone what she is to me, a role model. I may not have everything figured out yet, but I am on my way. I might not be rich a famous, but I will be happy. Someday you can visit me in my apartment in the city. That is, if Iââ¬â¢m not in Africa. I Donââ¬â¢t Know What I Want to Do, but I Know that it has Nothing to Do wi I Donââ¬â¢t Know What I Want to Do, but I Know that it has Nothing to Do with Medical School Ihave had three majors since I have been in college. Chemistry was my entering major, which I kept all of one semester. The one I kept the longest is math, which I had for three semesters. Now I am an anthropology major. This is my first semester with this major. In fact, I havenââ¬â¢t officially changed the major yet. In order to understand where I am in my life now, you must realize where I have been. In high school I was in the National Honors Society, I took AP classes, and was completely controlled by my family. They had put the idea in my head that money made people happy. I had to make a lot of it. I was pushed to decide what I wanted to do with my life early. To my family the obvious choice was for me to be a doctor. I went with it. All I wanted was for them to approve of me. My senior year I was taking AP physics and a chemistry course. I decided I liked chemistry, there was my major. It really didnââ¬â¢t matter what it was, I was pre-med., any science would do. Science? What was I thinking? I got to college and realized chemistry was not for me. I hated lab, the professors, for the most part, were mean, and I just didnââ¬â¢t want to be a doctor anymore. The slight separation that I had from my family made me realize I didnââ¬â¢t know what I wanted to do, but I knew that it was not medical school. Then came the freak out. What am I going to do with myself? Professional student sounded good to me. All I needed was something I could get good grades in without trying. Obviously math, since I never had to study for a math class in my life. I wasnââ¬â¢t just good at math, I WAS math. So I changed my major, thinking it was the best move ever. It... ...es, I want to travel, and I hate the nine to five lifestyle. My plan is to get my Ph.D. in archaeology and then become a college professor. I will dig in the summer and maybe teach a few field schools later on. Being a teacher is something I would like to do too. Now that I am in college I realize the best teachers are the ones that are a little bit crazy. I think that is so fitting for me. One of my professors now, Elise Brenner, is my idol. She is an archaeologist and a college professor. I learn so much in her class because she doesnââ¬â¢t do a straight lecture format, and she makes class enjoyable and memorable. I want to be to someone what she is to me, a role model. I may not have everything figured out yet, but I am on my way. I might not be rich a famous, but I will be happy. Someday you can visit me in my apartment in the city. That is, if Iââ¬â¢m not in Africa. Annalise Ahmadhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12829413266929298996noreply@blogger.com0